Maria Full of Grace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maria Full of Grace - Essay Example ?ve, and barely schooled, Maria’s foray into the world of drug smuggling – an unfortunate fixture in contemporary Colombia – ironically opens a doorway for her to a brighter future. The travails she is subjected to mirror the lives of countless brave Latin American women in search of economic and social liberation. The motion picture, in effect, suspends judgment on what mainstream society considers criminal acts (cocaine smuggling, illegal entry and passport/visa falsification), and explores the cultural context and humanity of the heroine’s actions. 1. Close family ties – In Hispanic societies, it is common for grown children to live with their parents, each seeking emotional support from the other; this was seen in the assistance Maria, her mother, and other family members gave her sister and the baby. 2. Extended family as economic unit – It is also not unusual for extended families (aunts, uncles, grandparents) to provide financial support for each other and the next generation, in the same manner as Maria’s provision of income for her parents, sister and infant nephew. 3. Importance of religious practices (De La Torre, 2009) and institutional Catholicism (Stevens-Arroyo & Diaz-Stevens, 1994). A unifying attribute among all Spanish-speaking countries is staunch Catholicism. The message in this film is one of hope in the midst of desperation, a persistent attribute in the deeply religious Hispanic culture. 4. Element of shame – More than fault or blame, it is saving face and the element of shame that is embodied in Hispanic families’ decisions. For instance, Lucy was ashamed to face her sister in New York; also, Juan’s offer to marry Maria even if they do not love each other was prompted by the fact that he got her pregnant. 5. Forgiveness – A natural consequence of Catholic spirituality and close family ties is the ease by which family members forgive each others’ transgressions. Carla’s total absence of anger or blame against

Michael Murphy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Michael Murphy - Essay Example Murphy’s message stands-out from that of the other contenders as it is geared towards enhancing democracy and equality. His campaign team has worked tirelessly to mould their party’s flag bearer into a force with whom to reckon. The candidate has been marketed with a high-end consumer brand through a coherent and comprehensive program of fonts, web designs and logos. The entire graphic designed for his campaign have been made using the same design (Marshment, Stro?mba?ck and Rudd, 2010). This has made it simple for the supporters to adopt the designs when campaigning for their favorite candidate. His personality has also been brought into full public limelight through the publishing of a new novel that details his life experiences and aspirations. The iconization of Murphy has made the electorates feel as if they know him beyond the political circles. His campaign blogs and messages quote his vision that offers a compelling future. His vision clarifies, inspires and foc uses on the progress of the individual members and the entire nation. How are the Three Candidates Positioned? The opinion polls show that the campaign promises being made by Murphy are appealing to most party members as compared to his competitors. The popularity gap has widened recently to 10%. The national polls also place him as the strongest candidate to compete with the opponent from the conservative party in the general elections. The increase in the number of new youth members within the party is associated with his aggressive campaigns of popularizing the party outside the traditional circles. How are the Candidates differentiated from each Other? Murphy has numerous unique characteristics that distinguish his campaign demeanor from other competitors. They include personal charisma, public speaking, listening skills and his positive attitude towards challenges (Rossiter, 2004). Murphy possesses the highest educational qualifications among the contestants with a Masters degr ee in political science and currently pursues an undergraduate degree in economics. This improves his chances as the preferred candidate among the party members in spearheading the efforts geared towards improving democracy. Other leadership qualities that make him be favored by the party delegates include his willingness to make hard decisions, decisiveness, and capability to understand the leadership problems currently facing the party, effective management skills and sharing of other people’s values. Murphy is the only contestant in the race who has some prior experience in good performance within the party leadership. He was entrusted with taking care of the youth affairs which has seen the representation of youths and women in the administrative posts in the party. What are their Strongest Voter Segments? The strongest voter segments for Michael Murphy are the youths and women who believe in change with reference to his earlier performance record. His prolonged status as the youth leader within the party has made him interact with all the party members implying that everyone is aware of his leadership skills. What Messages are they focusing on? The main theme that Murphy is focusing on is the Enhancement of the Democratic Space and Fair Representation of all Groups within the Party. This will place the party at a better position to defeat the Conservatives in the national elections. This is encompassed in his campaign motto of hope and restoration. Murphy is also focusing on reaching the

The Thirty Years War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Thirty Years War - Essay Example Later, the war turned into a rather general conflict involving France and the Hapsburg poweri. As mentioned earlier, the war was spread in phases over the period from the year 1618 to 1648. Initially, there was a treaty called Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555 which brought temporary peace in regards to religious competition in the state of Germany. However, the treaty only recognized the Lutherans and Roman Catholic. Despite this, the Cal-vines had made gains in a number of states and consequently began to demand recognition of their rights and acceptance of their ways of life. In 1617, Ferdinand of Styria was the king of the Bohemian Kingdom and was an ardent supporter of numerous Catholic missions. This did not go well with the Calvinists because they feared that under Ferdinand rule they would be oppressed and their rights would not be recognized. The Calvinists went ahead and threw two Catholics from a building, seventy feet tall, as a show of their dissatisfaction with the king. Fortunately, the two Catholics just sustained minor injuries as they fell on a pile of manure. But this action led to the Catholics invading Bohemia which was a Calvinist strong hold. The conflict resulted into war ending with Catholics winning and Calvinists losing and sustaining heavy and multiple casualties1. Another significant period of the war was between 1625 and 1629 in Denmark where the Protestants went into battle with the Catholics. During this phase, the war claimed many casualties and a significant destruction of property from both sides. In the end, the Catholics claimed victory and installed their king who continued the unpopular policies directed towards oppressing non-Catholics. This alarmed those Christians who viewed this as sheer absurdity and ways of oppressing fellow man. As a result, the Protestants cooperated came together all over Europe with an aim of championing their rights and revolting against the dominant Catholic majority ii. The entire period of the thirty years war was characterized by many religious conflicts in many European countries and empires. However, the saddest thing was that, besides causing psychological harm, it also claimed many lives and led to massive destruction of property and infrastructure. Therefore, the war considerably affected the lives of many Europeans. According to statistics, it reduced the population of German states by about 25% with the male population being reduced to half. The destruction was also aided by diseases and famines in different regions all over Europe. It was hard to feed the masses as there was no time to cultivate hence significantly reducing the food supplies. Diseases were also hard to treat as there were no properly organized supplies of medicine and medical personnel. Furthermore, the hostility between different groups resulted in blocking of supply routes as rivals did all they could to cut supply to opposing sides. The destruction was also catalyzed by the expulsion of oppos ing religious groups from the regions where they were the minority. For instance, Protestants were expelled from Czech land; an action which reduced the population of the land by a third. The destruction was quite severe that the regions that were hard hit by the war took centuries to recover. Despite the thirty years war largely being religious inclined, it also involved political supremacy and conquest. This is because many rulers looked forward to taking advantage of the weakened regions to conquered them and spread their dominance.

Michael Murphy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Michael Murphy - Essay Example Murphy’s message stands-out from that of the other contenders as it is geared towards enhancing democracy and equality. His campaign team has worked tirelessly to mould their party’s flag bearer into a force with whom to reckon. The candidate has been marketed with a high-end consumer brand through a coherent and comprehensive program of fonts, web designs and logos. The entire graphic designed for his campaign have been made using the same design (Marshment, Stro?mba?ck and Rudd, 2010). This has made it simple for the supporters to adopt the designs when campaigning for their favorite candidate. His personality has also been brought into full public limelight through the publishing of a new novel that details his life experiences and aspirations. The iconization of Murphy has made the electorates feel as if they know him beyond the political circles. His campaign blogs and messages quote his vision that offers a compelling future. His vision clarifies, inspires and foc uses on the progress of the individual members and the entire nation. How are the Three Candidates Positioned? The opinion polls show that the campaign promises being made by Murphy are appealing to most party members as compared to his competitors. The popularity gap has widened recently to 10%. The national polls also place him as the strongest candidate to compete with the opponent from the conservative party in the general elections. The increase in the number of new youth members within the party is associated with his aggressive campaigns of popularizing the party outside the traditional circles. How are the Candidates differentiated from each Other? Murphy has numerous unique characteristics that distinguish his campaign demeanor from other competitors. They include personal charisma, public speaking, listening skills and his positive attitude towards challenges (Rossiter, 2004). Murphy possesses the highest educational qualifications among the contestants with a Masters degr ee in political science and currently pursues an undergraduate degree in economics. This improves his chances as the preferred candidate among the party members in spearheading the efforts geared towards improving democracy. Other leadership qualities that make him be favored by the party delegates include his willingness to make hard decisions, decisiveness, and capability to understand the leadership problems currently facing the party, effective management skills and sharing of other people’s values. Murphy is the only contestant in the race who has some prior experience in good performance within the party leadership. He was entrusted with taking care of the youth affairs which has seen the representation of youths and women in the administrative posts in the party. What are their Strongest Voter Segments? The strongest voter segments for Michael Murphy are the youths and women who believe in change with reference to his earlier performance record. His prolonged status as the youth leader within the party has made him interact with all the party members implying that everyone is aware of his leadership skills. What Messages are they focusing on? The main theme that Murphy is focusing on is the Enhancement of the Democratic Space and Fair Representation of all Groups within the Party. This will place the party at a better position to defeat the Conservatives in the national elections. This is encompassed in his campaign motto of hope and restoration. Murphy is also focusing on reaching the

Psychosocial Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychosocial Assessment - Research Paper Example Rachel begins by describing her disliking of her mother’s idea to take her to a kindergarten: she strongly hates schooling life and doubts the idea that her mother intended for her good by sending her to school. In a way, she hates her mother for this and says that the idea to send her to school was to separate her from her mother. At school, in a kindergarten class, Rachel envies her mate’s drawings and dislikes the idea that their teacher likes her mate’s drawings so much that she (Rachel) maliciously spills dye on them. It is apparent that Rachel unusually hates everything on her way: she hates all teachers; she hates her father; she hates her sister and her mother; she hates food; she hates and quits her job; she hates her husband; and she hates her house (Reiland, 2004, p1-9). It goes without saying that Rachel is undergoing an unusual mental instability because she sees, acts and/or responds in an unusually erratic way to various happenings around her life (Aguirre, 2007, p6). This study has focused on Rachel’s mental condition as portrayed in the book. The main objective of the study is to conduct a psycho-social assessment on Rachel’s realizable symptoms to determine whether she is suffering from BPD. It is quite important to identify a person with BPD because it is a treatable health condition. Later in the study, using DSM IV TR criteria to interrelate Rachel’s symptoms, Rachel’s status with regard to BPD is established and clinical implications and treatment suggestions made or recommended. It is a global concern that many people dismiss BPD as being ‘just another kind of personality’ (Mondimore & Kelly, 2011, p19). BPD can be problematic. For example, as Reiland (2004, p118) puts it, BPD can cause damage not only to the one suffering, but also to their loved ones. It is, however, more of self destructive than it can

Make Educating Girls a Priority Essay Example for Free

Make Educating Girls a Priority Essay The article emphasizes on providing education to every eligible girl in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. It highlights that a girl who takes birth in South Asia or sub-Saharan Africa has to undergo desperate hardships such as poverty, disease, war or famine. Apart from that, she will also have to confront the disadvantage of being a girl. There is no culture, country and continent that are destitute of inequality. The root cause of girls not getting education is the cultural norms and economic hardships, which parents face. There is a norm of single-sex schooling in poor Muslim countries like Pakistan, Yemen, and Morocco and in the problem is that rural areas of those countries can afford only one public school that can be set for girls only. The inequality between girls and boys exist heavily in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa and almost all of those countries come under the category of Least Developed Countries (LDCs). One way for these countries to head towards economic development is by making educating girls a priority. Making separate schools in places where girls and boys are educated separately is one solution. It is believed that by building girls schools, the education gap can be eliminated to a great extent. Policymakers can strengthen the incentives for parents to send their daughters to school by setting the no-fee policy. However, in economics, nothing is for free. There is always someone or something that pays for it. A no-fee policy may be brought about by taking a portion of the peoples taxes. Another thing the policymakers can do is provide stipend for girls who enroll in girls school. This would surely increase the girls enrolment rate as the graph below indicates that the fall in fees from f to f1 will lead to an increase in the enrolment rate from e to e1. Providing every eligible girl in South Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa would contribute towards the countrys development because major studies of growth conclude that improved knowledge, higher efficiency, and better education play a vital role in the functioning and productivity of an economy. The World Bank has pointed towards human development which they believe better education, and family planning can promote development as effectively as capital investment in physical plant. As the article states that 99% of the 529,000 women who die annually from pregnancy related hurdles come from developing countries and the reason for that is the lack of education for women in those countries. Uneducated women do not know the severe malnutrition and prenatal care during pregnancy which puts both the child and the mother at serious risk. Expenditure on human capital better educated, health, and nutrition tends to reduce birth-rates and infant mortality. The women will be educated and will be able to effectively take part in family planning as she will be aware of the consequences. Having a controlled population means a positive result in the GNP per capita which is the result of subtracting the population growth rate from the GNP growth rate. Educating the girls will privilege them to be able to raise their child effectively in a civilized manner. Educated women will be aware of dangers such as HIV/AIDS, poor sanitary habits and poor dietary habits. So basically they will be aware of the environment around them and above all they will know their rights and therefore fully stand up for themselves. So, educating the girls would not only benefit themselves but the society as a whole as well. So education helps the overall population and on a larger scales the whole world. Apart from giving a country an efficient work force, education makes the individual able to read, write, and communicate. When the people in a society are capable to bring forth their views, opinions and debates, it brings a social change and the changing attitudes of people may achieve a number of developmental aims. Providing education to the girls would also add to the countrys labor force which would definitely lead to an increase in economic growth. Therefore an economic development would shift the countrys Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) curve to the right as shown in the graphs below. In my opinion, I would say that providing education to girls in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa by building single-sex schools is a much appreciated step because of the numerous benefits it will contribute to the world. However it has to be taken into consideration that in some parts of the world providing co-education is unacceptable for example the northern areas of Pakistan. Therefore single-sex education will be a much better choice as it will be acceptable and also appreciated. However, single sex education is said to be not as beneficial as the co-education because in co-education pupils of both gender get to interact with each other and learn much more than they can in single education. But single sex education will be the only choice that can be perused in areas where co-education is not allowed. Although building single-sex schools will have an opportunity cost as the government will have to sacrifice something in order to afford the cost of building schools, but I would say it is all worth it. When the girls of a country are educated they will definitely add to the countrys work force and educating girls means educated women in the country which means that they will know how to properly raise their children and nurture them. There are many benefits which the country will have from providing education to the girl. There are short term benefits as well as long term benefits. More emphasis will be on the long term benefits as you know that it will take time before the women of the country will all be educated and it will take time to have an impact of providing education to girls on countrys women literacy rate. I also found the idea proposed in the article by the policymakers about handing the money to the mother of the school-going girl, instead the men. Handing the money to the women is a very effective and well-thought idea as mothers are more concerned about their childrens health and nutrition.

Impact Of The Belief System On Perception Of Mental Illness Philosophy Essay

Impact Of The Belief System On Perception Of Mental Illness Philosophy Essay The present study aims to assess the impact of belief system on perception of mental illness. Belief system is major principle from which one live ones daily life, those which govern ones thoughts, words, and actions. Without these principles one could not function. Belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. This study would be helpful in identifying the impact of belief system on perception of mental illness and preferred mode of treatment. A belief is not merely an idea the mind possesses; it is an idea that possesses the mind. A belief is a thought we hold and deeply trust about something. Beliefs tend to be buried deep within the subconscious with the result that they trigger automatic reactions and behaviors. We seldom question beliefs; we hold them to be truths. Belief loosely, whatever an individual is willing to accept without direct verification by experience or without the support of evidence, and take as a basis for action or non-action. META HISTORY.ORG. (Beyond the tyranny of beliefs) The nature of belief systems.People have different beliefs about different perspectives of life. It affects our life and how we move in the world. What we do and dont believe dictates how we set up our life, our moods and everything we experience. Belief systems are fundamental to human existence and there are a few ideas worth exploring to see if anything can be determined about their origins. Without getting into brain physiology or psychology, there are a few conclusions we can draw from general observation. The brain is our information processing center, so it is capable of accepting data input and analyzing it. However, lets break the functions down a little more precisely. Data coming in is always examined; however most of it never reaches the conscious portion of our thought processes, so there is a background process which acts as a filter on the data being entered. Should something unusual occur, our conscious mind is alerted to the discrepancy and we can now consciously analyze what is taking place. There are also other processes which must occur for this to work properly, in that the brain must be capable of retrieving pertinent information when it is needed, so there is clearly an organizing capability in the brain that allows data relationships to be established. While this may describe brain operation at a high level, theres a basic problem that needs to be addressed; how do we know what information is relevant or useful? There is no doubt that much of the information processed is simply background noise in that it represents events that we have grown accustomed to since birth, so we dont pay any particular attention to them. So when we encountered something new or different we need to have a quick mechanism to be able to classify the data without protracted analysis. After all, whatever we have encountered could threaten our survival, so while we could contemplate it during a more leisurely interval, we must be capable of immediately assessing where it fits among our existing pool of data. Such a scenario requires that, in addition to basic organization, the brain utilizes some form of a framework or worldview against which data is evaluated and collected. This worldview or belief system w ould consist of data drawn from experience that represents our subjective sense of the world around us. It doesnt necessarily have to be factually correct, but it does need to be operational.As an example, if ghosts are not a part of the belief system, then unusual happenings or noises, dont immediately elicit a response of supernatural origins. Instead, we would look for the cause of the event among our experiential knowledge. Similarly all the data we encounter must fit into our belief system. (Gerhard Adam, 2009). A belief is whatever an individual is willing to accept without direct verification by experience or without the support of evidence, resulting in assumption which is taken as a basis for action or non-action. Societies, cultures, religions and individuals contribute to the diversity of our world. Each persons beliefs, values and attitudes create ones own unique belief system, each exclusive belief system being valid for the individual. These basic components, manipulated by inward and outward events are the essence of that which drives influences and motivates human thinking that leads to behavior (Walsch, 2003). Negative behaviors and interactions in work environments often stem from human beings diverse belief systems. In an effort to understand each others belief systems, it is important to first understand ones own belief system. Understanding is vital for building a respectful civilization. (Connie M. Ross, 2004) Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true. Belief system is the actual set of precept from which one live ones daily life, those which govern ones thoughts, words, and actions. Without these precepts one could not function. Belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. These beliefs are regarding too many things like beliefs about food, health, illness etc. (John Stuart Mill, 1863) A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern associated with distress or disability that occurs in an individual and is not a part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental health conditions has changed over time and across cultures, and there are still variations in the definition, assessment, and classification of mental disorders, although standard guideline criteria are widely accepted. (Davies, T. 1997) Mental disorders can arise from a combination of sources. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause currently established. A common belief even to this day is that disorders result from genetic vulnerabilities exposed by environmental stressors. (Diathesis-stress model). However, it is clear enough from a simple statistical analysis across the whole spectrum of mental health disorders at least in western cultures that there is a strong relationship between the various forms of severe and complex mental disorder in adulthood and the abuse (physical, sexual or emotional) or neglect of children during the developmental years. Child sexual abuse alone plays a significant role in the causation of a significant percentage of all mental disorders in adult females, most notable examples being eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. (Mental disorder in Encyclopedia) Treatment and support for mental disorders is provided in psychiatric hospitals, clinics or any of a diverse range of community mental health services. In many countries services are increasingly based on a recovery model that is meant to support each individuals independence, choice and personal journey to regain a meaningful life, although individuals may be treated against their will in a minority of cases. There are a range of different types of treatment and what is most suitable depends on the disorder and on the individual. Many things have been found to help at least some people, and a placebo effect may play a role in any intervention or medication. (Phillip W. Long, M.D. 1995-2009) The first theory is that mental illness is caused by malignant and nefarious supernatural entities. The main symptom of this illness is possession in varied degrees. The main adherents of this theory are in tribal a peasant societies, however one comes across these ideas not only in small towns but in metropolises also. This would explain the popularity of healing centers that deal with spirit possession in several parts of India. One of the extremely well known centers of this type is a temple of the monkey-go (Hanuman), known as the Bala-ji temple, in the district of Sawai Madhopur in Rajasthan, which is visited by people of all shades of life (Kakar, 1982). Recently, after the Erwadi incident, in the state of Tamil Nadu, in which twenty-seven mentally ill patients who were chained to poles and trees died in an accidental fire, we have learnt of a number of religious shrines in India reputed to render cure to mentally sick people (see Wadhwa, 2001). At one end of the continuum lies the supernatural theory of mental illness, at the other is the bio-chemical theory. This continuum overlaps that of the societies; at one end are the tribal and peasant societies, at the other the complex, industrial and post-industrial societies. It also indicates that as societies change from simple to complex, the theory of causation mental illness also changes from the supernatural to the bio-chemical. Some grain of truth certain lies in this proposition, for it is highly unlikely that tribal an peasant societies would subscribe to the bio-chemical theory of mental illness. In these societies it is not only mental illness but also physical illness, which is understood as being caused by supernatural factors. Moreover, it has also been observed that many tribal and peasant societies do not maintain a distinction between physical and mental illness (Becker and Kleinman, 1999). An important observation here is that urban Indians including those belonging to highly educated, upper classes often attribute mental illness to supernatural causes. These theories of disease causation have implications for the treatment of mental illness. Those believing in supernatural causation will approach the spiritual healers. If mental illness is viewed as consequence of shock, the belief is that in course of time the person will recover from it, therefore counseling will constitute the main treatment. When bio-chemical deviations in the brain are seen as causing mental illness, the people are likely to approach psychiatrists for treatment and counseling. It is also likely they may combine both supernatural and biochemical treatments, assuming the absence of any contradiction between them. An important part of mental health is how you perceive the world around you. Your sense organs receive signals and pass them through the nervous system to the brain, which processes the information. The mind then interprets that information. There are some built in filters, which help the process. For example, you can sometimes filter out background noise, so that you can concentrate on what you are doing without distraction. Attitudes and emotions can affect the perception process. You may read the implications of what another person says and his body language differently, depending on if you like the person or not. (Ron Kurtus 29 August 2004) Our belief system is the actual set of precepts from which we live our daily life, those which govern our thoughts, words, and actions. Without these precepts we could not function, so in order to take this journey, and to give it some meaning.   Belief systems involve stories, or myths, whose interpretation can give people insight into how they should feel, think, and/or behave. The elaborate polytheistic mythologies of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations are a good example of how belief systems can affect the daily life of a societys members and the role they can play in giving significance to peoples actions. The most prominent systems of beliefs tend to be those associated with formal religions; however, any system of belief in which the interpretation of stories affects peoples behavior, a system of superstitions, for example can be a living, contributing component of a given societys culture. Values and beliefs as components of culture. Our concern here is with belief systems, which we might equally call religions, ideologies, philosophies, worldviews, or ways of life. Belief system always has an ideology or philosophy, a collection of ideas, a framework for organizing thoughts. One important function of a belief system is to serve as a framework for thought and action. It explains where the world comes from and where its going; what our purpose in it is; how society should be organized; how people should treat each other; when youre messing up and what to do about it. All this is very comforting, and allows believers to focus their energies. (Mark Rosenfelder, 1998) Our Belief System can be one of our most powerful assets or our worst enemy. Our belief system essentially makes up who we are. Our belief system is made up of a set of core values, which we tend to base everything we do, say, or believe in. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012). There are different beliefs prevails about the causes of disorders and according to beliefs, people adopts different treatments to cure themselves from these disease.They have beliefs that there are supernatural power factors, social factors, personal factors and also biological factors which, contribute to psychological problems and different people have their specific beliefs about healing such as spiritual healing, psychological treatment, medical treatment and sometimes these methods are used in combination of two like medical and spiritual and psychological and spiritual as well. The term supernatural or supranatural (Latin: super, supra above + natura nature) pertains to being above beyond or what is natural, unexplainable by natural law or phenomena. (Joseph Jastrow, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918 Study of Beliefs and Attitudes) There are different categories of supernatural powers, such as Taweez (amulets),Witchcraft, Jinn possession, magic or spirit possession, Evil Eye, Divine punishment and Gods Will. People have beliefs that these supernatural powers can cause physical as well as psychological diseases. People believe that these powers can cause different bodily as well as psychological diseases. They have beliefs about causes of mental illness which include personal causes and social causes of mental illness such as; addiction, lack of will power, financial distress and stressful circumstances etc.The people also believe that biological factors also can cause a psychological illness.these biological factors include;hereditary,contact with mentally ill, child birth and chemical imbalances. And according to their belief about the causes of illness they adopt the type of treatment which they believe. The types of treatment for mental illness in Pakistan are different as most of the people dont have awaren ess about these illnesses. Most preferred treatment option is spiritual healing, then doctor (general physician and less adopted treatment is consulting to psychologists/psychiatrists. Spiritual healing is a phenomenon in which a disease is cured without prescribing any medicine by performing some religious rituals. A healer may act as an intermediary. In all the other types of healing methods such as Allopathic, homeopathic, desi and unani, some medicines are prescribed to take, by which the disease is cured but in this method of spiritual healing, the healer uses only his spiritual powers and some particular to cure any disease. It also involves in dealing with the psychological problems of the people i.e. some psychological diseases treated by it and some people psychologically feel satisfied visiting any spiritual healer. In this system of healing, the cure is related to spiritual healer where divine powers moves in the hands of the healer which he gains through complex act of meditation. All cultures have unique ways to identify, understand and deal with symptoms of what mainstream society calls mental illness, as well as different reference points for describing atypical behaviors. Different diagnostic schema or terminologies may exist, and causes may be attributed to folk beliefs rather than psychological or biologic causes. Often the preferred means of dealing with these symptoms is through native healers, religious rites, or holistic and alternative medicine. Many have traditionally resolved problems within the family, and focus more on external environmental circumstances that affect the individual rather than intrinsic processes (Lim, 2006). In a report surveying gains in mental health, the U.S. Surgeon General found, Even more than other areas of health and medicine, the mental health field is plagued by disparities in the availability of and access to its services, and multi-cultural ethnic groups bear the heaviest burden of unmet mental health needs and reduced productivity (Surgeon Generals Report on Mental Health 1999; 2001). The actual seeking of professional mental health treatment may be delayed until problems have become especially intense and beyond the supports their cultural communities can provide. As a result, cultural groups are underserved in outpatient community based programs. If accepted for outpatient treatment, fewer services or treatment sessions are utilized and treatment often terminates early with feelings of alienation. Few studies have documented successful outcomes of mental health treatment among multi-cultural populations, even when ethnic and language matching have been tried (Snowden, undated). Delays in seeking treatment and premature terminations create a cyclical reliance on increasingly more costly crisis services. (Munoz, Sanchez, SAMHSA-WICHE, undated). Private sector programs typically are inaccessible to members of minority cultural groups (SAMHSA, 1996). Contributory factors for the under-utilization of the mental health system are socio-economic, familial, financial, geographic inaccessibility and problems related to immigration status. These have been attributed to access barriers created by financial deterrents to seeking care, program locations and service hours, and treatment problems related to misdiagnosis (USDHHS, SAMHSA, 1997). Language barriers (especially during assessment and treatment), cultural misunderstandings, prejudice, and difficulties with acculturation to American society also play a role (Corrigan P et. al, 2008). In care, communication difficulties may lead to inappropriate treatment (Sue et al., 1991); HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850Lopez HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3760850 Hernandez, 1986), ineffective case management and inadequate referrals (New York State Office of Mental Health (NYSOMH), 1997).   Such alienation may lead to premature drop-out from treatment (Snowden, 1996, 2001; Proctor HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209290HYPERLINK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209290 Davis, 1994). Other deterrents include lack of knowledge about available services, distance from service center, limited hours of operation, and lack of child-care. Belief drives behavior, but often belief is not based on experience and so does not reach or reflect the intimately lived dimension of human existence Some things are proposed to have certain properties which may be  logically inconsistent, and hence these things can be proved not to exist. Dr. Niclas Berggren from A Note on the Concept of Belief. To start our journey in life, we create a set of beliefs, which define us. As part of our healing process, we take our beliefs as our ultimate truth and often do not sway from them. Sometimes, it is necessary to reinvent our belief system and redefine our values so that we can see clearer and be able to achieve the fulfilling life that we desire. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012) Mind medicine imparts the healing power on the entire body. This can be seen repeatedly in many forms of Eastern medicine. The psychological root-cause of each persons belief system, which becomes the texture of how we live our lives, can be expressed in the subtle energies of the body as well as in the expression of disease. (Peacefulmind.com 2007-2012). Healers and religious men in the succeeding generation further attempted to organize. Contemporary thoughts about mental illness and to develop appropriate diagnostic categorizes while some men perceived disordered behavior as sickness of the soul. Others brought early beginning of scientific thinking to the effort to understand the mystery of human abnormality. Unfortunately, the progressive gains of the Greeks and Romans Empire. The dark brought revival of demonology, intricate theological explanations and magical forms of exorcism. No matter what form of therapy we use, be it spiritual, psychological, medicinal, we are only capable in balancing our lives as we are by the beliefs we hold in our heart.