Postmodernity and Hyper-Reality in Architecture

IntroductionThis essay will turn to architecture’s place in a consumer society. Consumer society can be described as the result of modernism where devouring stuff goods is the overriding characteristic of its balance and values. It is the consequence of the escalation in fabrication and rapid industrial developments. It is besides the result of the huge gait of variegation and growing of civilization, creativeness, engineering and urbanism as a manner of life. I will utilize the constructs of semiotic philosopher Jean Baudrillard’s as a footing in understanding the deductions of this civilization on the built environment, urban design and engineering. I will besides analyze the desire for phantasy kingdoms that mirror world by analyzing Baudrillard’s three orders of simulacra and the â€Å"hyperreal† . To understand the look of this phenomenon in our consumerist civilization I have chosen to analyze its manifestation in the urban context of Montecasiono an d besides practical environment of Second Life. My purpose is to better understand the architects’ place in this current civilization and what it could intend for the hereafter of architecture.Postmodernity and Hyper-realityThe postmodern status does non merely replace modernness but it instead opens up a new and complex bed of significance of the modern by stressing its self-contradictory facets. Modernity has become profoundly rooted in modern-day societies and therefore it is about impossible to happen a status where it has had no influence. Post-modernity by default can non be separated from modernness as emancipation and release are built-in to the modern. In the post-modern epoch the electronic image is the prevailing force specifying its nonliteral character. It is saturated with images in the grade which was non observed in history. ( Asanowicz, 2014 ) To understand some of the complexnesss of our image goaded civilization I will foremost be researching the Hagiograph as of Jean Baudrillard. Harmonizing to â€Å"Simulacra and Simulation† ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) in our post-modern society, â€Å"It is no longer a inquiry of imitation, nor duplicate, nor even lampoon. It is a inquiry of replacing the marks of the existent for the real† . Baudrillard suggests that postmodern civilization is non simply unreal, because the impression of artificiality still involves some sense of world against which to place it. What he conveys is that we can non acknowledge the differentiation between ruse and nature. Baudrillard so argues that there are three â€Å" orders of simulacra † . Simulacra ( Simulacres in Gallic agencies: stereotype, a pseudo-thing, an empty signifier, a clean signifier ) is one of the cardinal constructs of postmodern aesthetics. ( Asanowicz, 2014 ) . The first order of simulacra is related to the pre-modern period where the image is a clear imitation of the existent. Baudrillard associates the 2nd order of simulacra with the industrial revoluti on of the 19th century where mass production and the addition of transcripts break down the differences between the representation and the image. The 3rd order of simulacra is specifically associated with the postmodern age. It suggests that the representation precedes and determines the existent. The differentiation between world and its representation is has disappeared and there is merely the simulacrum. Baudrillard defined this deformation of the lines between the original and its transcript as the ‘hyperreal’ ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) . Not merely does the simulacrum imitate the original but the simulacrum of truth is truer than true and therefore the hyperreal is realer than existent. ( Horrocks & A ; Jevtic, 1999 ) This sort of fake image is all around us, nature militias are constructed to mask the absence the natural environment in urban countries. Reallity Television plans are edited to romanticise the mundane. Baudrillard uses the illustration of Disneyland, â€Å"Disneyland is presented as fanciful in order to do us believe that the remainder is existent, whereas all of Los Angeles and the America that surrounds it are no longer existent, but belong to the hyperreal order and to the order of simulation. It is no longer a inquiry of a false representation of world ( political orientation ) but of hiding the fact that the existent is no longer existent, and therefore of salvaging the world principle.† ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) . To associate this theory to a South African context I will utilize the illustration of Montesasino. While the fake environment is obviously false, invitees at Montecasino buy into the â€Å"reality† of phantasy because society will continually absorb simula cra and its penchant for it over world. Offering a excess of services and amusement options in a Tuscan themed environment, Montecasino disorientates and mesmerises its invitees in a universe of phantasy where disbursement money enhances engagement in, and enjoyment of the retail and leisure experience. Baudrillard remarks on the bleary differentiations between civilization, consumerism and individuality: â€Å"Work, leisure, nature and civilization, all antecedently dispersed, separate, and all more or less irreducible activities that produced anxiousness and complexness in our existent life, and in our ‘anarchic and archaic’ metropoliss, have eventually become assorted, massaged, clime controlled and domesticated into the simple activity of ageless shopping. All these activities have eventually become desexed into a individual hermaphroditic atmosphere of style† ( Baudrillard, 2001 ) . Another illustration of hyperreality is that of Multiaˆ?User Virtual Environments. This has fascinated me since I engaged my first multi-player role-playing computing machine game and recognized the habit-forming qualities it stirred. Today these practical environments are much more sophisticated with practical universes like World of Warcraft and Second Life imitating non merely of our physical universe but besides of our societal, political and economic status. Second Life has an active socialist party, an opposing Marxist party and even an nihilist group. Prostitution, chancing and consumerism are cardinal to the simulation. Users of these environments create embodiments which they define as the most accurate contemplation of theirrealself. Aside from hyperreality, many of the constructs Baudrillard postulates in Simulacra and Simulation are present. It is a semiological perfect universe, where the users are deprived of the ability to travel, eat and drink. The embodiments hav e nil else to devour but â€Å"signs† of the existent. Embodiments can lease cocottes to hold sex which is devoid of human contact or experience accordingly devouring the â€Å"sign† of holding sex. The embodiments buy expensive practical apparels to show the differentiation against the embodiments have oning free apparels. No existent apparels have changed custodies, but people spend existent that they have really earned to devour â€Å"signs† of goods. From a modernist this would look irrational but Baudrillards states that, â€Å"Nothing resembles itself, and holographic reproduction, like all phantasies of the exact synthesis or Resurrection of the existent ( this besides goes for scientific experimentation ) , is already no longer existent, is already hyperreal† ( Baudrillard, 1994 ) , therefore it could be argued that there is no difference in devouring something â€Å"real† or a â€Å"sign of the real† . The newest stage of consumer society is consequently concerned with the consequence of digital ingestion. This is intensified by globalization, new information engineerings and real-time communicating. In the following subdivision I will discourse the deductions of society’s preoccupation with ingestion and hyperreality on Architecture.Post-Modern Architecture in a consumer societyFrederic Jameson suggests that Postmodernism replicates or reproduces and reinforces the logic of consumer capitalist economy. Therefore when we study a consumer society we should concentrate on the seductive and tempting as this is inherit to the consumer life style. In architecture footings such as image, atmosphere and captivation of visual aspect are more of import than modern impressions of individuality, rationalism, naturalism and functionalism ( Jameson, 2002 ) . Few modern-day designers have consciously thought of their plants with consideration to our image goaded civilization. In â€Å"Visions’ Unfolding: Architecture in the Age of Electronical Media† , Peter Eisenman postulates that by utilizing computing machine plans which randomly fold surfaces and link the edifice and landscape into one uninterrupted whole, the architecture does non give up to any peculiar account, but continuously disrupts what is defined as architecture ( Eisenman, 1999 ) . This does turn to the thought of surface being the most of import facet of design but the job is that the plants is perchance non seductive plenty, instead the work is simply absorbing. On the other manus the work of Jean Nouvel is shrouded in the captivation of visual aspect. In Jean Nouvel in Conversation: Tomorrow Can Take Care of Itself, he says that â€Å"image is the affair of architecture and therefore the hereafter of architecture is non architectural in the tectonic senseâ€Å" . Nouvel emphasises that his architecture is non composed of infinite but of communicative surfaces, which he calls interfaces. He is non interested in inside informations but merely in images. Koolhaas and Tschumi are two other designers that have based their plants on a witting survey of atmosphere instead than maps or significances in architecture. Last one can non bury to advert Bernard Tshumi. After the perpendicular, modern, in La Villette we have the horizontal, minimum, conceptual and postmodern hyperrealism. The â€Å"cinematic† versions in the architecture enable â€Å"events† and are said to supply new freedom for the visitant when taking paths and point of views. Last the celebrated â€Å"congestion† in Koolhaas’ plants can be recognised as an atmospheric consequence created by â€Å"programming† . Koolhaas tries to make architecture congested with the multitudes in diverse actions. These actions have typically non been assigned a specific topographic point. Rational individuality must be abandoned when construing mass society.DecisionIn its most recent signifiers, architecture is already going transparent, Mobile, flexible and synergistic. It about tries to vanish in order to allow a conjectural mass creativeness show through. It replaces the immaterial with drifting regulations of the game, a screen of deconstruction which leaves the topics rather free to contrive their ain game regulations. Besides, architecture is non the lone thing to give manner to this synergistic Utopia of exchange and playful diversion: all art, political relations and practical engineering is traveling in this way. These inclinations manifest themselves in modern-day architecture in the new possibilities for pluralism, â€Å"open† architecture, the flexible interrelatedness between manufacturers and consumers, interactivity, and â€Å"the advanced consumers† . Moralism against consumer society and commercial architecture does non work because it is characteristic of consumer society itself that it spreads moralities refering how people should populate and which sort of edifices they should hold. These moralities refering consumers are disguised in the signifier of â€Å"choices† . Neither edifice without designers nor pragmatist architecture can do the place of designers better in society, because these phenomena are already included in the mythologies of consumer society. As concerns the relevancy of Baudrillard’s theory in architecture, it has become evident through my theoretical work that this makes impossible such traditional architectural constructs in general as creativeness, the fulfilling of demands and functionality. Architects can merely rush up or decelerate down interpersonal socio-economic procedures and in this manner increase societal reciprocality and coherence. Harmonizing to Baudrillard’s analysis of the present socio-economic forms in society, it has become about impossible to do genuinely seductive and mutual architecture. Baudrillard’s theory does non go forth really much for designers to tilt on, up to the inquiry of inquiring whether architecture can at all be designed under Baudrillard’s footings, nevertheless credible he is in indicating out the important problematics of civilization in consumer society. Beginning List HILDE HEYNEN, 2000, Architecture and Modernity: A Critique, Massachusetts, MIT Press, 8-24 JEAN BAUDRILLARD, 1994. The precession of simulacra, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1-42. JEAN BAUDRILLARD, 1982, Modernite , † in La modernite ou l’esprit du temps, Biennale de Paris, Section Architecture, Paris, L’Equerre, 27-28. PETER EISENMAN, 1994, Visions’ Unfolding: Architecture in the Age of Electronical Media, Michigan, A+U Publishers, 2-5. REM KOOLHAAS & A ; SANFORD KWINTER, 1996, Conversations with Students, New York, Princeton Architect ural Press, p 5-6. 1

HRM Problem in Indian Airlines

Introduction The Indian Airline was set up under the Air Corporations Act, 1953 with an initial capital of Rs. 32 million and started operations on 1 August 1953. And it dominated the Indian aviation sector during the 80's and 90's. However the rules of monoploy were deregulated in 1994. Following which many carriers entered the market. However, only two strong competitors emerged during the 1990s which were the Jet Airways and Air Sahara.This competition from the new private carriers required the airline to adapt to the new order, a process which was difficult due to the fact that management did not have complete commercial freedom, and the government was unwilling to invest in the airline. Another big reason was the Human Resource Management problems including the inefficient manpower planning, unproductive deployment manpower (results of ad-hoc job analysis), and unwarranted increase in salaries and wages caused a number of strikes by the staffs and the ultimate result is losing c ustomers and the losses in revenue.Between 1999 and 2003, the carrier’s fleet did not increase by a single aircraft – during the same period the private carriers’ fleet almost doubled to 53. Inevitably, Indian Airlines’ market share declined, from 100% in 1994 to 40% by 2004 and just 20% by 2007.Background of IA Indian Airlines is one of the prime airlines in India. It is based in Mumbai and focuses primarily on domestic routes, alone with a few international services to neighboring Asian countries. The airline is state-owned and also administered by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Along with Air India, it is the flag carrier of India. The airline came into existence by the enactment of the Air corporations act in 1953.It has been renamed as ‘Indian' on December 7th 2005. It started with about 99 aircrafts and was the outcome of a merger of sorts among several former independent airlines. In 1964, Indian Airlines moved into the jet era with the intr oduction of Caravelle aircraft and also inducted a Boeing 737-200 in early 1970. In a fresh wave of deregulation, nine new independent airlines were launched in India in the early 1990s. Vayudoot, the state-owned feeder airline, itself collapsed in 1993. On 1st March 1997 Indian Airlines became a Public Limited Company.Presently, it has about 70 aircrafts including Airbus A300, Airbus A319,  Airbus A320and an ATR-4. Some of the foreign destinations that are included in its directory are Kuwait, Singapore, UAE, Qatar, Thailand and many more South East Asian countries. This airline was the first to introduce wide-bodied A300 aircraft in the domestic circuit. There are a total of 75 exclusive destinations covered by this airline, 59 within India and 16 abroad.HR IssuesWhen the government open up the sky by privatize the industry, one of the start-ups, East-West Airlines, offered such attractive wages that they prompted a pilots' strike at Indian Airlines in December 1992 during the w inter tourist season. Indian Airlines had 570 pilots at the time, making an average of Rs 30,000 ($962.00) a month. The airline lost Rs2.11 billion ($64.34 million) for the year. Chairman and managing director L. Vasudev had been hired in July 1992, filling a position vacant since the previous chairman had resigned due to the handling of yet another strike.Mr. Vasudev also resigned in May 1993 blaming the aviation ministry for undermining his authority. Russy Mody was named chairman of both Indian Airlines and Air-India in late 1994. He resigned two years later, also citing a lack of authority. During 1998 both Indian Airlines and Air-India were losing money and needed to restore their aging fleets by the end of the year, the Civil Aviation Ministry had dismissed a joint board of directors from the two airlines.All of the chaos happened because of: †¢The recruitment process †¢Job analysis in IA was not done by scientifically †¢Performance appraisal and reward systems were not scientifically doneFindings †¢Lack of proper manpower planning †¢Underutilization of exiting manpower †¢Without proper scientific analysis †¢Increased staff cost during 1994-98 †¢Unnecessary interference by the Ministry of Civil Aviation †¢Unscrupulous methods use †¢Strikes, go-slow agitation and wage negotiations †¢In 1993- 46 days strike by pilots †¢Unethical (false) medical claims †¢Pilots didn’t work overtime even though they got more money †¢Maximum number of employees per aircraft †¢Lack of government decision policy †¢Unethical practice of service on productivity liked incentives †¢30 full time directors and their retinue of private secretaries, drivers and orderlinessSWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHS†¢Large fleet. †¢Experienced staff. †¢Adequate infrastructure and large network. †¢People are loyal towards the national carrier. †¢Government Backing.WEAKNESSES†¢High overhea ds and huge workforce resulting in lower output. †¢Attitude of the staff (The Unions) †¢Political/Bureaucratic unnecessary interference. †¢Indian Airlines has its socio-economic responsibility of catering to the inaccessibility areas at subsidized rate affecting operational expenses. †¢Job security too high.OPPORTUNITIES†¢Tourism industry is gaining momentum. †¢Induction of new aircrafts on lease. †¢Response to some of the promotional fares (schemes) is encouraging. †¢Shelving of the privatization plans of Indian Airlines by the Government of India. †¢Weakening of the dollar rate in comparison to the rupee.THREATS†¢Perception of the better product in comparison to that of the competitor †¢Recent world events hitting the tourism industry badly †¢Increase in the capacity of various airlines †¢Falling market share of Indian Airlines to that of Jet AirwaysRecommendation From 1997, to till now IA had only emphasized on dist ribution, with marketing as a non-issue. Since the company was faced with increasing competition, lack of resources and mounting losses, it had to formulate and implement scientifically proved HR strategies. The best way to prevent union strike is to work with the union and develop policies that avoid a clash between companies and its employees. Unions in projects is different, unions in large corporate is different. We can contain and curtail the strikes in corporate offices but containing it plants need some analysis.1.Check was there any change in the Head of HR department2.The earlier head was removed or retired or left on his own3.Union leaders are locals or outsiders4.Were there any simmering issues which were pending for a long time?5.The earlier agreement is due for re negation?1 and 2 are most important to find the reason and reactions. 3 are to know how the outsiders involved in the local union and so we can divide the union. 4 and 5 – it is always better to keep th e process of the negotiations on the go, and try throwing the ball in their court as far as possible instead of keeping the issue pending with company. And have discussions, deliberations and best method is to divide the employees into department wise – by telling them that it is for close contacts with the all employees.Implementations To implement the decisions taken during the mid 2001, IA followed steps stated below.1.As the first step free and frank discussions with a cross section of the employees were held. Top management undertook extensive tours of all stations to communicate the details and vision behind all major policy initiatives and to get their response to them.2.Focus on training of personnel was enhanced to increase effectiveness.3.A greater transparency was built into recruitment and transfer policies with a view to boosting their trust and confidence.4.In interactions with unions and Associations a firm but fair attitude was taken.5.Productivity Lined Agree ments, where the inflows exceed the outflows despite the fact that market wages were being given, were entered into.Conclusion Airports are the primary infrastructure facility that a country has to offer to the international travel. The case ‘Indian Airlines' HR problems', examines the causes of the HR problems faced by Indian Airlines. The case reveals how poor management and stubborn work force can drive a monopoly into losses. The case also throws light on other lapses such as poor canteen management and payment of excessive allowances.The case is so structured as to enable students to understand why and how Indian Airlines was constantly plagued by HR problems. The students should be able to see how the pilots and other workers used arm-twisting tactics to get IA to agree to all their demands. The case also provides insights into how IA's lackadaisical handling of its HR problems contributed to the overall mess that the airline found itself in.

Professional and Academic Skills Development Assignment

Professional and Academic Skills Development - Assignment Example I normally set time to reflect on whatever I have learnt during the day (in the evenings) and at the end of the week. Depending on what I have experienced, I ask myself if i liked the experience or not and how the experience or theory applies in real life. After reading an article on the hierarchy of needs, I reflected on the author’s arguments and realised why people consider security as a matter of priority in life as opposed to gaining wealth. You were asked to work in groups of 3 or 4, to pick a topic and to find relevant references from four different sources (e.g. newspaper, journal, internet and book). Please list the references below, using the correct form of Harvard reference for each. I have learnt that teamwork is important when undertaking major tasks especially. Through teamwork, people get to learn from one another. It is important to appreciate other people and be a keen listener for teamwork to be a positive and enjoyable experience. In order to be effective when a member of a team, i need to learn how to appreciate people’s cultures. This way I will be able to understand their world views and appreciate why they act or speak the way they do. Giving a presentation before a multitude of people first normally hits me with tension. In order to overcome my tension, apprehension and fear, I did my research on the subject I had to present thoroughly. That way, my confidence grew as I knew that I had great ideas to present. I also encouraged myself that my group members and audience wished to see me succeed. I will take time to write and rehearse mock speeches so as to be more comfortable in public speaking. I learnt a lot from the library tutorial. I learnt how to search sources using various criteria for example with the author name or title. I also learnt the various sources that I may use for my research including books and journals. I am currently confident that my library skills are sufficient. What did you learn from

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Week 1 Discussion Question - Article Example However, the most used theory and much discussed in the other readings and videos for the class is the Realist Perspective theory, which talks about THE STATE BEING THE MOST CENTRAL IN THE WORKINGS OF THE SOCIETY, AS WELL AS THE UNIFYING BODY WITH REGARDS TO THE INTERNAL WORKINGS OF THE STATE OR SOVEREIGNTY (Cohn 57). In the exit speech by former US President Dwight David Eisenhower, he discussed the possible EFFECTS THAT COULD HAPPEN SHOULD THE STATE BEFALL UNDER NEGATIVE INFLUENCES including the endangerment of liberty and security, thus the need to enhance both the state’s economic and military defenses (Eisenhower). Karl Marx was also able to explain this kind of centralization of power in smaller terms, such as the case of the capitalist or company-owner and the company’s employees. In the condensed version of Marx’s Das Kapital in Spark Notes, it was explained that THE CAPITALIST HAS THE UPPER-HAND WITH REGARDS TO THE HANDLING OF THE RAW MATERIALS AS WELL A S THE LABOR COSTS, ALLOWING HIM THE ABILITY TO DICTATE BOTH THE PRICE AND THE WAGES OF THE WORKERS (Marx). Mick Brooks also explained the circumstances on how capitalism relies on the realist approaches, such as THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, ESPECIALLY WITH REGARDS TO BOTH THE INCOME-GENERATING METHODS OF COMPANIES AS WELL AS THE INCREASE IN THE GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR (Brooks). The same was also mentioned by Marilyn Waring in a short film, wherein THE POLITICAL PARTIES GET DICTATED BY THE LARGER COMPANIES IN DOING THEIR BIDDING DUE TO THE SUPPORT THAT THE SAID COMPANIES PROVIDE TO POLITICAL PARTIES, and instead of being able to read what the public wants, the laws mostly cater to the companies and subsequently, the rich folk (Who’s Counting?). Lastly, the same centralization of power in the form of the TEAM-UP OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE RICH LAND GRABBERS ROBBED THE NATIVE INDIANS IN WHITE EARTH SETTLEMENT OF THEIR OWN LANDS, WHICH IN TURN

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Final Exam - Assignment Example This is a literary term that was coined from the poem of Rudyard Kipling that satirically described the presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people; this concept was often advanced as a justification for European colonialism and imperialism (Easterly 130). After the World War I, there was significant level of disillusionment to the population from the ravaged economy and unfavorable socio-political environment which was more detrimental to youths. Post World War I political strategists created fascism as a tool that would help them consolidate power by appearing to promote the young people who happen to be critical in determine various socio-economic and political behaviors in the country. Benito Mussolini and Hitler promised youth employment and also championed for more freedom to the youth from the traditional overprotective parental control (Aronson 157-9). These factors considerably attracted the youth to fascism in 1920s and 1930s in Europe. The geopolitics of the world changed significantly after World War II in the following ways; United States became the superpower with significant presence in capitalist allies in Europe like in Britain. Russia remained a communist champion and strengthened their influence in Asian economies like china, Japan among others. United States extended its grip on the politics of Middle East and influenced socio-economic and political agenda amidst strong opposition from the Muslim dominated Arab world like Iran, Iraq among others (Dima 74-9). There is increasing improvement in healthcare and this reflects increased population into the future. There is a possibility of skewed demographics with a larger percentage of older generation and female children due to governments’ campaign for controlled birth for regulation of population. This indicates that the future demographic structure will shift

Trust and trustees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Trust and trustees - Essay Example The assumption that many have is that they are protected under the legal framework of â€Å"common law marriage.† Tina and Luke can exemplify this fact since they lived for several years and upon breakdown of the relationship, Luke was in a fix upon the sale of the house since Tina didn’t consider him or the contribution he had made towards the renovation of the place they both considered home. This paper will try to give an in-depth analysis of this case study by exploring the current law that governs relationship breakdown for cohabitees, the rights that Luke has on Tina’s flat and how he can get his share of the property back. ‘A patchwork of legal rules’ are entailed in the legal rights available to cohabitants upon relationship breakdown.2 This is because the procedure of reclaiming a right over a property in a cohabiting situation is complex, expensive and uncertain to rely on and not applicable to family circumstances.3 This can be highlighted by the disparity that exists with the relief available to married couples under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (MCA)4, which enables the court to deal with the entirety of a couple’s assets and provide for complete discretion when making orders, with the courts ‘largely left to get on with it for themselves.’.5 In Luke and Tina’s situation, the property under contention was registered at the Land Registry in Tina’s sole name. In sole ownership cases, the difficulty arises for the non-legal owner who must traverse their way through strict property law and complex equitable principles under the Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, which is supposed to establish an equitable interest in the property.6 There are also complications that arise in regard to joint ownership cases and this precedence has been hugely used to determine the cases of cohabitee. The

Study case S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study case S - Essay Example ion Safety Administration (NHTSA) is a vital stakeholder as government agency who has the duty to see that road transports maintain high standard of transports and transport maintenance that promotes safe transportation. Basically, there are many stakeholders involved along the supply chain from manufactures to the end users as outlined above. The two pillars that have been broken by Imperial Tyres Sales are the trustworthiness and responsibility. The company has abused the trust of its customers who expected goods of high standard that would be safe to use. The notion of trustworthiness posits that when we someone is trusted, he is given a leeway by others because they do not feel the y need contract assurances that the same person will meet his obligations. It involves being honesty, integrity, reliability as well as loyalty. However, these elements of the pillar of trustworthiness have been broken as a result of low quality products that were supplied by HangZhemHai. ITS’s actions have also been against honest communication with the law and federal agency who should have been informed about the inferior quality of the tyres. They have also shown crass disregard for professional integrity by looking for their self interest at the cost of its customers’ safety. The pillar of trustworthiness has been broken by these two as their actions did not put into consideration the people’s safety. On the other hand, the pillar of responsibility has been broken by Hang Zhem Hai Rubbers by not upholding the expected standards of producing quality products that would be safe to be used by the consumers. The pillar of responsibility states that we should be accountable for our actions by always striving to pursue excellence. HZH has not been responsible in its actions for not putting enough gum stripes in its tires. HZH has been extremely indifferent to the fact that their low quality of tyres could be potentially dangerous to the safety of human life. In actual fact it

Market monopoly and Oilygopoly market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market monopoly and Oilygopoly market - Essay Example In market monopoly the producer is in a state to bargin with government and the customers. He can set his own arbitrary policies and everyone is bound to follow as there is no other option In market monopoly the producer spends very minimum amount on marketing and advertising In market monopoly the producer makes enough profit which can be further invested for the betterment of the company Disadvantages of Market monopoly Since the producer can set price according to his own wish as there is no competition, this can be harmful for the customers, they tend to pay high prices Exploitation of labor can take place in market monopoly In certain cases absence of competition leads to inefficiency and the company doesn’t progress much. There is not much variety available for the customers No substitutes available Oilygopoly market: Oligopoly is a common market form. In Oilygopoly market there are more than two producers who are manufacturing the same product with very less difference. There is cut throat competition in the market. Characteristics of Oilygopoly market Because there are more than two producers of the same product and there is cut throat competition, each producer keep notice of what other is doing. They are likely to aware of each other’s actions and that’s how they set their policies and market strategies for example, Company A launched a new advertisement campaign to promote their product. Now even Company B and Company C will launch some new market strategy or advertisement campaign to ensure that their sells don’t drop because of company’s a new advertisement campaign. The decision of one producer... Micro economics deal with individuals and how they earn their livelihood whereas macroeconomics deals with aggregate issues or the economy as a whole. Macroeconomics consists of concepts that can be applied to the entire world. according to Economic Glossary â€Å"Macroeconomics is derived from (from "macro(o)-" meaning "large" + "economics") is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy. This includes a national or global economy". In economics a financial market is a place which allows buying and selling activities, there are many manufacturers and consumers available in the market. There are many products available for the same type hence that raises competition in the market. There are different types of competition and different types of markets available in an economic sense. Let us discuss the different market structures in detail market monopoly: The word â€Å"monopoly† means one or â€Å"the only†. The monopolistic market is when there is only one producer and there is no one else who manufactures the same product. A market monopoly exists when the single firm/company is the only supplier or producer of a certain product. The monopolistic market is when there is only one producer and there is no one else who manufactures the same product whereas in Oligopoly market there are more than two producers who are manufacturing the same product with very less difference. In market monopoly the producer has the divine power and market share, he can set his own arbitrary policies.

Dataming testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Dataming testing - Essay Example Additionally, the preponderance of individuals with type 1 diabetes greatly outweighs those with type 2. Fig. 7.1 Gender Figure 7.2 is the histogram that examines patients with both hypertension and diabetes. Of the total sample population the chart indicates that 176 patients had hypertension and a form of diabetes. Conversely, there were 185 patients who had diabetes with no sign of hypertension. Ultimately, close to half of the patients sampled had both diabetes and hypertension. Fig. 7.2 Patients with Hypertension Figure 7.3 is the Fasting Blood Sugar test (FBS). The majority of the patients tested fell between the 100-280 mg/dl range. Still, a number of patients had fell above the 300 mg/dl range, so this is not uncommon. Fig. 7.3 Fasting Blood Sugar Test for the Patient Figure 7.4 depicts the results for the Blood Sugar tests (HbA1c) that were administered. Of the approximately 140 patients that were administered this test, the average HbA1c score for individuals having diabete s was 5-9%. Additionally, the chart indicates that for patients with type 1 diabetes there was a significantly higher propensity of HbA1c, with an average rate of 10-13%. Fig. 7.4 Average Blood Sugar Test for the Patient The chart depicted in Figure 7.5 demonstrates the tests with patients taking metformin. As demonstrated, the test consists of 188 patients who took this medicine and 167 patients who did not take it. The results demonstrate that of the patients that took metformin most are diabetic type 2 patients. Only a small number of diabetic type 1 patients take metformin. Fig. 7.5 Patients Taking Metformin Medication Figure 7.6 considers the patients with diabetes in relation to their age. A notable division occurs here. Namely, patients between 30-70 years old have the highest rate of type 2 diabetes. This shifts with individuals age 5-18, as type 1 diabetes dominates this age bracket. Fig. 7.6 Age of the Patients Figure 7.7 is a diagram depiction of patients with hyperlipide mia. The results indicate that 183 patients have hyperlipidemia, the majority of them also having type 2 diabetes. For type 1 diabetes patients, the majority do not have hyperlipidemia. Fig. 7.7 Patients With Hyperlipidemia Figure 7.8 examines the relation between the patients’ with diabetes and their weight. The chart seems to demonstrate a correlation between the two inputs, as patients between the 70-112 kg range experience the highest levels of type 2 diabetes. Fig. 7.8 Weight of the Patients in Kg Figure 7.9 considers patients with diabetes who also are taking insulin medication. Of the 100 patients taking insulin medication the majority of individuals with type 1 diabetes take it. Conversely, most individuals with type 2 diabetes do not take it. Fig. 7.9 Patients Taking Insulin Medication Figure 7.10 considers patients with an abnormal heart condition because of vascular problems unrelated to diabetes. The diagram demonstrates that most of the patients with diabetes hav e a normal heart condition, but there is a small number of patients suffering from heart disease. Fig. 7.10 Patient Heart Condition Figure 7.11 examines the patients who took glidazide as medication. 92 patients out of the 257 took glidazide. All of these patients had type 2 diabetes. Fig. 7.11 Patients Taking Glidazide After the above histograms were established and analyzed, a comparative analysis implementing

Theoretical Aspects of the US Position in ODS and OIF Essay

Theoretical Aspects of the US Position in ODS and OIF - Essay Example s see communities, as well as the identities and norms they help to create and sustain, as the most critical determinants of order, whether at home or abroad (Lebow 56), this explanation could be considered rather plausible. On the other hand, according to Thucydides and classical realists more generally, military power and alliances are necessary safeguards in the volatile world of international relations, but also double-edged swords; thus being considered as likely to provoke as to prevent conflict (Lebow 56). The history of the North Atlantic Alliance appeared the genuine article of such an ambiguity. NATO’s existence during the Cold War was a major factor that prevented military conflict in Europe, standing out against the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet geopolitical aspirations; while after the fall of the Berlin wall and the demise of the Soviet Union, the alliance got involved in military conflicts in Europe and beyond the alliance’s geographical range – start ing with the 1990 invasion in Iraq, as part of the UN-authorized multinational coalition force – thus significantly expanding its influence and geography (Gordon and Shapiro 31, 39). Finally, realism would render another explanation of the 1990 invasion in Iraq, namely as a preventive war waged by status quo powers on a ‘rising’ regional challenger such as Saddam Hussein’s regime (see Lebow 57); which, being tempted to believe that has the advantage of possessing arguably the largest military capabilities in the region, and plenty of elbow room due to messy world of international politics by that time, invaded and occupied Kuwait. Having failed to prevent the war, the balance of power – in accordance with Morgenthau’s postulates (see Morgenthau 155-9, 162-6, 170, cited in Lebow 57) – is... From the research it can be comprehended that considering the importance of community in imposing limits on the ends and means of power, as well as exploring the relationship between domestic and international politics, classical realism presents plausible explanations of Operation Desert Storm, whereas it’s much more convincing in regard to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Having distinguished between interest and power, and delivering a sophisticated understanding of the balance of power, relative power position of the US, and the strengths and weaknesses of both allies and adversaries, classical realism explains not only the reasons for the 2003 invasion, but also the choice of invading Iraq, rather than some other of the so-called ‘rogue’ states, later designated by George Bush Jr to be constituent parts of the ‘axis of evil’. Neorealism, in turn, based on the assumption of power as the first and last resort in the anarchic self-help system of internation al politics, couldn’t satisfactorily explain many of the ODS features, including the role of the UN in authorizing the military action against Iraq. By stark contrast, in regard to OIF, neorealism provides extremely powerful explanations of most, if not all, aspects of the American position and actions, including the motives behind the invasion, the reason why Iraq was targeted, as well as the far-reaching goals and implications of the US-led campaign.

Probing and Using Website Resources Essay Example for Free

Probing and Using Website Resources Essay One vital consideration in writing any factual paper is the quality of evidence provided to prove a particular point in the paper. Whether it be an essay, a research, a thesis or a term paper or a dissertation, or any other form of scholarly writing, one should consider the veracity of information provided. To do this, one should probe not just the quality of the information but also the source from which the data came from. More often than not, one’s primary source of information is the internet. How then could one determine which information should be considered authentic and credible and which should be considered as junk? A number of reference materials are available online: e-books, books converted to e-texts, periodicals (newspapers, magazines, trade and industry journals, scholarly journals), essays, articles. In deciding from what particular internet page should a bit of information be lifted, one should determine the credibility of source, evaluate the accuracy or objectivity of the material, trace history of the source to ascertain the information’s relevance to current situations, and establish the reliability of the materials to be cited. To have a clearer understanding of the process, we shall examine two web sites linking to specific pages that expound on gender difference and related article. Following are the sites that will be the foci of the evaluation: 1. Wang, Jiongjiong, et al. (2007) â€Å"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress. † Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2007 2(3):227-239. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from Oxford Journals Website: http://scan. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/full/2/3/227. 2. Brescoll Victoria. (2008, April 4). â€Å"People Accept Anger In Men, But Women Who Lose Their Temper Are Seen As Less Competent, Study Shows. † ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2008/04/080402152707. htm Probing and Using Website Resources 2 Since the first website is an online facility for the Oxford University Press, hence materials that are available in the site are likewise available in print. Scholarly journals usually reports results of original research, contains an in-depth analysis of the subject matter (hence present lengthy articles), are intended for academic audience and usually presents materials that have been reviewed by other people who have authority over the subject. Scholarly journals likewise contain academic level book reviews. Like any printed scholarly journals oxfordjournals. com presents the article with all the vital elements: complete research headings (abstract, body of the research, supplementary data and the reference section). Researchers, academicians, professors and scholars are the usual authors of articles in a scholarly journal. In this website, reference to the credibility of the authors are indicated by their other writings available either in print or on-line in the reference section at the end of the article. Graphics are likewise provided to better explain certain points in the research (i. e. charts, table, formulas, and diagrams). What makes the article more trustworthy is the fact that other materials where the article has been cited were also mentioned at the latter part of the page. What makes the material user friendly is the use of hyperlinks that make it easier for users to navigate throughout the site with ease. The second website is that of ScienceDaily. com, which features a Yale University psychologist’s article on the relating other’s perception of a person’s competency and general favorable acceptance to gender-related display of emotional response. In contrast to the other website, the writing style used in presenting the ideas of the writer is less formal, concise and more direct forward. Furthermore, general information about the Probing and Using Website Resources 3 subject and the results of a particular study that serves as the author’s supporting material. No proper reference to the source had been mentioned however, thus limiting a researcher’s grasp of the complete idea or result of the study presented in the article. In addition to this, there were no graphs or other representations to further explain the subject are seen on the page, except for graphical illustrations of other sites and that have linked to the site for marketing purposes and hyperlinks used basically to promote an institution, a program or other articles. These advertisements makes reading less centered on the article and more directed to other sites promoting other products. All these made the previously explored site more credible than this site. Considering the evaluation, I prefer the first website over the second for the following reasons: 1) the first website presents overall credibility on the subject matter being presented; 2) although the 2nd website is easier to read and can be read in less than five minutes, the first website presented the result of the research in part (sub-headings, hyperlinks and color coded divisions [gray-colored boxes to separate graphics and sub-headings from the main content]), which made it easier to understand although would take more time to finish; 3) lesser advertisements are seen on the second website making the reading process more directed to the material; and 4) site-related inquiries (i. e. feedback and subscription forms) are placed strategically within the page. After evaluating these cites, I realized that not all data that may be seen on the net should immediately be considered credible. One should be responsible in determining the credibility of the source of the material as well as the reliability of the data presented in the material. Probing and Using Website Resources References: Wang, Jiongjiong, et al. (2007) â€Å"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress. † Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Retrieved March 26, 2009 from Oxford Journals Website: http://scan. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/full/2/3/227. Yale University (2008, April 4). People Accept Anger In Men, But Women Who Lose Their Temper Are Seen As Less Competent, Study Shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2008/04/080402152707. htm

A Report on the effects of Gender within Crime

A Report on the effects of Gender within Crime Its often thought that when females commit a crime they are often given a lesser sentence than if they were a male and that more males commit crimes than compared to females. It is also often thought by females that feminists if tried by a male may get longer than they should because of what they stand for. This can also apply when the situation is turned around where the male is standing up for what they believe in. Most people believe that the only reason females commit a crime is to provide for her family and make sure her children are brought up in a stable environment. On the other hand females are portrayed are the people that are more likely to shoplift and other crime that are unlikely to be noticed. The work carried out on the area of females and crime is very limited as there are fewer reports. Gender and Patterns of crime Carol Smart has given a number of reasons as to why she thinks crime rates for females are neglected. Carol Smart indicates that because females commit so few crimes they as not seen as much of a threat as males are because they commit more serious crimes therefore females are considered to be less of a threat to society. She also says that in both sociology and criminology professions there are more males employed than women therefore more studies have been on a males state of mind for crime instead of womens state of mind. Also criminology is stimulated by a desire to control, behaviour that is regarded as challenging. Females have been seen as less problematic then men so they are given less attention for the crimes they have committed. Carol Smart has quoted judges who are being biased against females: It is well known that women in particular and small boys are likely to be untruthful and invent stories (Judge Sutcliffe 1976) how would the female fell in this case? She would fell like it was her fault like he had committed a crime. She also asks three very interesting questions about females and what crimes the commit and why they do. Do females really commit fewer crimes then males, or are the figures misleading? Some Sociologists have suggested that females offences are constantly under-recorded by the authorities Although females continue to commit comparatively few crimes, some people have suggested that the proportion of crimes committed by females has been increasing. According to a number of commentators this alleged increase has resulted from Womens Liberation. Is this so? Why do females who break the law commit crimes?. 2. Official Statistics, Criminality and Gender. Otto Pollak helps explain the answers to the above questions. He has looked at the figures of crimes committed by females over different countries so it is not as accurate as it would be if the U.K statistics were used. 2.1 Otto Pollak insists that the official figures are very vague level of female criminality. 2.2 Otto Pollak indicates that he thinks that a large amount of petty theft crimes are committed by females, and the asserted that such crimes that were improbable of coming to the awareness of the system. 2.3 Many unreported crimes were committed by female household servants. 2.4 Otto Pollak also insinuated that a females household roles gave them a considerable opportunity to commit such crimes like Poisoning Loved ones and sexually abusing their children. 2.5 The police, Magistrates and other law enforcement officials have a tendency to be male. Raised to be courteous, and are usually compassionate towards female offenders so that smaller quantity of females becomes apparent in the statistics. 3. Criticism of Otto Pollak Frances Heidensohn used the statistics for the U.K to point out the major flaws in Otto Pollaks argument. 3.1 Frances Heidensohn point out flaws in the statements above with his research. 3.2 Most shoplift is actually done by middle ages males rather than females. 3.3 That the time Pollak was writing there was a cut in the number of female household Servants. 3.4 Heidensohn draws awareness to the quantity of crimes performed against prostitutes by male clients, and the occurrence of male crimes in domestic life, all the evidence point towards males being significantly more likely than a female to commit aggressive and sexual offence in the solitude of their own home. 3.5 Otto Pollaks statistical study is based on insignificant data and unconfirmed statements. Heidensohn notes that the disguise of menstruation is by no means collective and changed sexual society have long since made gibberish of his view of passive, friendly females threatening revenge. 4. Evidence against the Chivalry Thesis 4.1 Steven box has re-examined the statistics from self-report studies in Britain and the USA. A few of these studies show some compassion regarding females, the greater part do not. 4.2 The Mass of verification on females committing serious offences does not give obvious foundation to view that they get given a degree of difference and more positive conduct from members of the community, police and judges. 4.2 Abigail Buckle and David P. Farrington preformed a small-scaled surveillance study of shoplifting in a British department store in southwest England in 1981. Shoplifting is one crime where the female offenders nearly match the male offenders in the official statistics. This study found that two point eight percent of the one hundred and forty-two males observed shoplifted but only one point four percent of the three hundred and sixty-one females shoplifted. Evidently this study uses far too small a sample to get an accurate assumption, but as one of the very few attempts to measure crime precisely it does prove some evidence against the Chivalry Thesis. 4.3 In 1983 David P. Farrington and Allison Morris conducted a study off sentencing in magistrate courts. They started out by noting the some official figures did imply more compassion towards females. E.g. In 1979 six point six percent of males were found guilty of indictable where as only two percent of females were convicted. Farrington and Morris examined data in sentencing for four hundred and eight offences of theft in Cambridge in the same year. Some one hundred and ten of these offences were committed by females. Although males receive more severe sentences than females, the study found that the differences disappeared when the harshness of offences was taken into account. Farrington and Morris came to the conclusion that there was no self-sufficient effect of sex on sentencing seriousness. 4.4 Roger Hood on the West midlands in 1989 carried out a more recent study the used a sample of two thousand eight hundred and eighty-four male and four hundred and thirty-three female defendants in crown courts. Hood compared the sentencing of males and females, controlling for variables which he had found affected the sentencing of men. He found that white women were give custodial sentences thirty-four percent less often than men in similar cases and black women thirty-seven percent less often. 5. Female Crime and Womens Liberation. 5.1 Freda Adler claimed that womens liberation had shown the way to a modern form of female criminal and has amplified females involvement in crime. 5.2 Freda also thinks that the biological theories are not precise and she believes that is has nothing to do with a females hormones, aggression and criminality. 5.3 In the USA between 1960 and 1972 robberies by females went up by two hundred and seventy-seven percent males by only one hundred and sixty-nine percent. Embezzlement by females rose by two hundred and eighty percent in the same period of time, whereas for males it rose by as little as fifty percent. 5.4 Overall arrests rates for females rose three times as fast as those for males and particularly among female delinquents. 5.5 why then were women becoming so much more involved in crime? Adler believed the main reason was that females were taking on male social roles in both legitimate and illegitimate areas of performance. She stressed the pace and extent of change saying: there is a tide in the affairs of females as well as males, and in the last decade it had been sweeping over barriers which have protected male prerogatives and eroding the conventional differences which once nicely defined the gender roles. 5.6 Adlers views proved to be very contentious, for the most part as they could be used to imply that the womans liberation was a bad thing. They replicated Substantial research into the question on whether female crime is increasing or not. 5.7 Adler is relying on statistics which are clearly unreliable as they are not recorded properly as stated earlier by Carol Smart and Frances Heidensohn. They believe that that system is too soft on females and that they are more likely to get away with petty crimes than males are. Sources Smart, C. Women, Crime and Criminology 1976 Pollak, O. The Criminality of women 1950 Heidensohn, F. Women and Crime 1985 Box, S. Recession, Crime and punishment 1987 Adler, F. Sisters in crime 1975

Reflection on Patient with Acute Asthma Management

Reflection on Patient with Acute Asthma Management Acute asthma, for a human body is really harmful. Being from a medical background, I understand the seriousness of the issue and regarding the same I want to add on to my strengths learning better to handle any unwanted situation like that overcoming my weaknesses. Here, I will discuss all the related important things in understanding the asthma problem and handling a patient quoting an example. Describe the event or area of learning / knowledge that you identified as part of your clinical scenario Example: A 45 year old female patient with asthma is to be transferred to FMC. She was initially admitted to a local regional hospital at room no. 0139 with severe asthma issue. As a first step to handle the situation she was being settled with salbutamol and amiophylline. She was then reviewed in the morning time and was suspected with chest infection and congestion. The team of the doctors discussed the issue internally and finally decided to transfer the patient to FMC for further review. Now what are the challenges and scope of learning areas I found in the case are listed below but for that I want to start from the introduction:- Acute asthma management is based on some primary steps that include assessing the severity of the patient whether it is mild, moderate, and severe or life threatening. All these will be observed during the startup of the bronchodilator treatment immediately after the patient is being admitted. Next comes the administering oxygen therapy. This is will be observed or implemented if the case is too serious and the therapy is needed to be done. If it is required then there are some things need to keep in mind that saturated oxygen titration to the target or the patient is at 92–95% (adults) or at least 95% (children). After this is done as per the requirement, then comes the number of completing the observations and the assessments that will be solely based on clinical priorities determined by baseline severity. Asthma can be really hazardous for the patient in the longer run, they can cause chronic lung issues and respiratory problems and that is why proper observance and adminis tering is required. Further, keep a close check on systemic corticosteroids within the first hour of treatment is really necessary. Till the time acute asthma gets resolved, a regular and repeated reassessment response to the ongoing treatment is essential. If required the whole process should either be continued or something more should be added to the previous style of treatment. Also, this whole should be repeated in cycle till the patient is transferred or referred to some another hospital or ICU for further observance. Apart from all these, observing the patient for at least 1 hour a day is a must call. Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD- European Respiratory Journal (2009) European Respiratory Journal http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/33/5/1165.full.pdf+html What were you thinking and feeling? Why did you identify the action or leaning as important to you? It was very shocking as well as sad incident for me as since my childhood I cannot see anybody in pain or in any kind of unwanted situation. To me serving mankind is the ultimate goal for my life. If by chance I could help out anybody during any bad or harmful situation through my efforts, I will be the happiest person on this earth and I mean it. And that is the reason why I chose this medical field at the first place despite of the initial oppose from my family on my decision to get into the medical field as they wanted me to be an architect. I believe that you get a chance to be born in the human race just for once, so how will it matter if I dont become the reason for someones happiness. Also, I took this situation really seriously as I wanted to deal with this kind of situation if it occurs further in my family or my neighborhood. If talking medically, at the first place as per my understanding and learning I thought of giving her salbutamol along with atrovent fused by a nebulizer as a first aid to the issue but then suddenly I planned to delay the same as I came to know that the patient has already taken her daily dose of salbutamol puffer. After having a look on her medical history, I gathered the information that the lady has some anxiety disorder and borderline disorder too. Why I am mentioning these issues here is because of the reason that just due to these disorders, a feeling of shortness of breath can be occurred and at that time I should not be or somebody else for that matter should not be panicked. Apart from these observations, her blood pressure level and heart rate were pretty normal and with these now a proper treatment plan can be taken. Also, for some further added information to the case history, while attending the patient I have observed that in the recent past she has been already admitt ed to ICU for 3 times and this should be noted down during the treatment plan. During those admissions, she complained of anxiety issues and also that she hates going to the city hospital because of their ICU referral problems. That means she totally hates being admitted in ICU as in ICU the treatment is really complex and hard to adapt. Heart Lung- The Journal of Acute and Critical Care (July–August 2012) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147956312000684 Evaluation Analysis I would like to list my actions in order of appropriateness. What I did well: The Primary survey, observing her social and recent medical history, collecting and placing all the facts related to her health in proper order for further planning, attaching the cardiac monitor with the patients body and then closely keep a check on the whether the assessment of heart rhythm respiratory was a thorough one or not What I could have done better: I should have given her salbutamol and atrovent nebulizer in the beginning itself, making her feel relax and comfortable by giving her instructions for proper postures, I should have also given more detailed info in handover ISBAR, the call for the second crew support was a big mistake as I could have called the local staff of the hospital itself. I will definitely make a note of these mistakes and will keep in mind for future references Also, I could have done a better research on asthmatic patients, the symptoms and the required medical approaches especially for the ones suffering from mental illnesses such as anxiety disorder. Delay in the treatment action plan and decision making was one thing needed to be checked. Apart from these mistakes, one major thing I have learnt is expiratory wheezing can indicate asthma, so I will definitely keep that in mind I take all challenges and the situations coming in my path of learning as a positive one, nothing in this world is negative so the positive thing happened with me is that I was finally able to communicate with both partner and patient really well and I am happy about my competence. Opting and deciding the correct clinical approach is another reason for my happiness on my list. Clinical and economic burden of patients diagnosed with COPD with comorbid cardiovascular disease- Respiratory Medicine (October 2011) http://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(11)00133-8/abstract?cc=y= What was difficult about the scenario and why? As a learner or beginner you can say, I think I have a followed a good approach to the whole situation because from the time she was admitted in the hospital, she is feeling much better now. I believe I have applied full and true approaches from my medical learning and understanding in managing the whole situation and for my leadership I would like to add that considering a beginning it was quite good. I have assessed the vital symptoms and signs of the patient and also have completely referred and observed her past medical history. Not only that during the first step of the treatment, I have linked my approach and planned the treatment as per the history. If I talk about the difficulties and the barriers that I faced during the situation, then I would like to mention this that English is not my first language and during the treatment procedure I find it really hard to convey my intentions to the patient. Also, I was not able to understand her problems so I need really hard to work on that. Apart from that I believe that learning is a 24X7 process and I will definitely focus on polishing my skills further. References Estimating prevalence of common chronic morbidities in Australia-The Medical Journal of Australia (2008) Estimating prevalence of common chronic morbidities in Australia-The Medical Journal of Australia [Online] Available: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2008/189/2/estimating-prevalence-common-chronic-morbidities-australia?0=ip_login_no_cache%3Dac017679306e921f901be42b8204e158 [Accessed 3 June 2015] Clinical and economic burden of patients diagnosed with COPD with comorbid cardiovascular disease- Respiratory Medicine [Online] Available: http://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(11)00133-8/abstract?cc=y= [Accessed 3 June 2015] Heart Lung- The Journal of Acute and Critical Care [Online] Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147956312000684 [Accessed 3 June 2015] Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD- European Respiratory Journal [Online] Available: European Respiratory Journal http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/33/5/1165.full.pdf+html [Accessed 3 June 2015]

The Band-Aid Approach- Not the Best Solution :: essays papers

The Band-Aid Approach- Not the Best Solution The band-aid approach has been the most common solution to working with students at risk. The name for this approach comes from the purpose of a band-aid; to cover up a problem but not fix it. A problem with this resolution is only having half-day sessions focusing on one topic for these students. This is not helping in the end because for the other half of the day, when they are in their regular classroom settings, this type of attention and teaching is not practiced (Finn, 1998). Thus, this is considered a band-aid approach because it only temporarily conceals the problem without fixing it. Furthermore, children have an understanding of what they are missing by being in a large sized class. When second graders were asked what would be different if they were in smaller classes, they answered that they would be able to talk more often, ask more questions, and get to be â€Å"Star of the Week† for a longer period of time (Handley, 2002). The mere fact that these young students are realizing that they could get more attention is not only astounding but also surreal. Project STAR: One of the 1st Large-Scale Studies on the Effects of Reduced Class Size Between the years of 1985 and 1989, seventy nine elementary schools in Tennessee participated in the only large-scale, controlled study of the effects of reduced class size, Project STAR (Finn, 1998). Children that entered kindergarten were randomly assigned to either a class of thirteen to seventeen pupils, twenty two to twenty six, or twenty two to twenty six with a teacher’s assistant. The students remained in these settings for the next four years. What this study produced were results that confirmed benefits of small classes in primary grades. Smaller classes outperformed the larger classes in all instances, including word study skills, reading, basic skills reading, math, basic skills math, motivation and self concept (Finn, 1998). Since the most noteworthy occasions deal with substantial reductions, minorities seem to thrive on smaller classes. Minorities, most of which are used to extremely large class sizes, are the best example to show what a substantial reduct ion can generate, and with these particular students improving, the achievement gap is therefore reduced (Finn, 1998). The Follow Up to the Project STAR Study: Lasting Benefits Study

Gothic Horror in Susan Hills The Woman in Black and H.G. Wells The Re

Gothic Horror in Susan Hill's The Woman in Black and H.G. Wells' The Red Room As with all things, the gothic horror genre of literature did not begin at one definable point, but evolved gradually. Gothic horror evolved out of gothic fiction (as opposed to classical fiction, for example the novels of Jane Austen), before establishing itself as a genre in its own right. However, many literary scholars and critics would point to "The Castle of Otranto", written by Horace Walpole and first published in 1764, as the first true gothic horror novel, containing as it does many of the clichs prevalent throughout the genre. Gothic horror novels are typified by their dark, lachrymose atmosphere of dread and fear. In fact, the key to gothic horror can be summed up in one word: tension. This is created by many devices, as well as having an evil force present working against the hero/heroine. The characters, locations and atmospheres created are designed to be threatening, even when nothing sinister is actually happening. Although the gothic horror genre didn't die out altogether, it certainly lost popularity. However, it has had a minor resurgence over the last decade. Susan Hill is one of the authors who has turned her hand to the gothic horror format, her short novel "The Woman In Black" being released in the late eighties. Susan Hill says she wrote The Woman In Black because she "had the urge to write a story in the old fashioned sense," perhaps because of a dissatisfaction with modern horror writing and its reliance upon gore and physical danger. HG Wells, although primarily a science-fiction author, also wrote a gothic horror story, "The Red Room". I will be comparing these two stories, to see how these ... ...t be too lightly dismissed. These two stories are particularly interesting because they were both written by authors who aren't normally associated with the genre, so they have explored the clichÃÆ'Â ©s more than a seasoned horror writer might. But despite being so blatantly "influenced" by genre standards such as Henry James' The Turn Of The Screw and work of M.R. James, they remain gripping. This is because they appeal to our wish for escapism and a decent scare, a need that is pandered to by almost every work of fiction. This is the basis of horror writing - that the reader wants to be scared; if the reader approaches the story with the attitude of not wanting or expecting to be scared, he or she will not be affected by the story so much. However, gothic horror is still one of the most effective mediums for provoking fear, ensuring its enduring popularity.

The Anger We All Share Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Anger We All Share Anger, it is an emotion that we are all familiar with and in a way, an important part of the average normally functioning human. Who hasn't encountered anger in a friend, family member, or even the random person you met on the street? In literature, it is absolutely necessary in order to generate a tale with the right tension and motive for character behavior. Authors use creative wording to fashion the various images necessary to convey this emotion: fiery, smoldering, explosive, seething, etc., they're all employed to describe anger. Anger seems to be something we can't avoid. Every time you're bitter, cynical, holding a grudge, sullen, or frustrated, it was either because of anger you're experiencing these emotions or will result in anger. So what is anger, and what causes it? Why does this emotion play such an important part in our lives, and in some cases, cause so much trouble? Anger can be mild, as with annoyance at a younger sibling, or intense like the rage felt if you returned home to find it burglarized. Though in this society, we have generally been taught that anger is bad, this is actually a normal and healthy emotion (1). That is, if experienced in moderation; anything to excess tends to result in trouble. When anger gets out of control, it can become a serious problem, which could not only damage your relationships with other people but also leave you feeling helpless to an unpredictable emotion (1). The Forebrain, namely the Cerebellum, is responsible for our emotions, anger being one of them (8). Like other strong emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes. These changes include, but aren't restricted to, the increase of heart rate and blood pressure, a... ...er, theories about how and why aggression develops, and means of preventing or coping with anger http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap7/ 3)He@lth: Anger and Aggression, Consumer tips http://www.athealth.com/Consumer/newsletter/FPN_4_22.html 4)Heart Information Network, Anger and its effect on the heart: a review of research studies http://www.heartinfo.org/main.asp 5)Angermgnt.com: Building Better Human Relationships, Anger Toolkit http://www.angermgmt.com/techniques.html 6)Counseling and Career Center, A Brigham Young University Website http://www.byu.edu/ccc/counseling/anger.shtml 7)Mean Genes, Comparing aggression in humans and other primates http://detnews.com/1997/accent/9707/09/07090017.htm 8)The Brain, Biology and Behavior, A number of definitions regarding the brain http://onlinelearning.tc.cc.va.us/faculty/tcmuthj/notes3.htm

Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Essay

Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process in Health Care In what way are the data collection procedures appropriate for this study? The data collection method that was used for this study was surveys and interview that was conducted with a pregnant or a parenting teen who was either pregnant or who gave birth to babies within two years prior to the dates of interviews. The individual interview method with the students was the primary method for collecting qualitative data. The data collection procedures were appropriate because the data information [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from direct interaction with individuals that was one to one basis or face to face. Although the interview methods were time-consuming, the information was more affluent and provided deeper insight. Data preparation involves checking or logging the data in; checking the data for accuracy; entering the data into the computer; transforming the data, and developing and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures In what way were appropriate steps taken to protect the rights of subjects? Potential research questions can give informed consent only if they have all the information about the study they need to decide whether to participate. Informed consent respects each’s right to make choices. Only after consent was obtained [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the  Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] , an interview was conducted. The survey was conducted [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] with the full cooperation of the Laurence Paquin School authority and the Baltimore Public School System. All subjects participated and completed the interviews on a voluntary basis. An incentive of $15 was provided [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voic e from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to each subject for participation in the survey In what way is the data collection tool used to support the reliability and validity of the study? The data for the present study came from a survey of a sample of African American girls pregnant and/or parenting teens during the period 2000 and 2001 from the alternative school, and a sample of comparable pregnant/or parenting teens who became pregnant while attending regular public schools within Baltimore Public School System, but did not attend any alternative comprehensive school for pregnant teens [A sentence as long as this (more than 50 words) can be confusing because the main idea is covered with additional information or because of changes and turns of logic or ideas. Cut the sentence into smaller sentences, each dealing with one idea.] . Surveys are widely used in education research, particularly in descriptive research studies. Once all of the participants had completed the study measures, and all of the data has been collected, the researcher prepared the data to be analyzed. Organizing the data correctly would save a lot of time and prevent mistakes. Most researchers choose to use a database or statistical analysis program that they can format to fit their needs in order to organize their data effectively (â€Å"A Study of An Alternative School  for Pregnant and/or Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence,† 2006. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for the data collected? The data analysis methods that was used in this study was appropriate because the researchers were collecting data from a sample of enrollees of such a school-based comprehensive program and comparing them with data collected from a sample of non-enrollees, the study systematically evaluates the program. Performing any accurate or similar operations needed to get quantitative information ready for analysis. This study used information that was gathered [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from their interviews and entered numerical observation into a chart, table, and spreadsheet that could be used for analysis. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for answering the research question or questions, for testing the study hypothesis or hypotheses, or both? In order for the researchers to performed multivariate analysis they use comparison charts based on information gathered from the surveys and interviews in order to find the hypothesis of the Paquin School enrollment versus the public school systems. The results of the analysis of school grade point average, intention to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, practice of breastfeeding at any time, future intention to breastfeed, current use of any contraceptive methods, and present use of Depo- Provera. There were focus groups that provided data charts that also exhibits the results of the analyses of lengths of gestation and birth weights of babies born to the teens by least square regression models in each of the dependent variables—school grade point average, aspiration to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, and current contraceptive use, Identify the strengths of the scientific merit of this study. What are weaknesses? Unlike numbers or â€Å"firm data,† qualitative information has a tendency to be â€Å"lenient,† which means it cannot always be condensed [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more  vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to something certain. That is in some ways a weakness, but it is also a strength. The numbers from observation may tell you how well the pregnant teen or teen parents did in either school but the look on their face on graduation day or the satisfaction on the healthy baby’s faces may tell you even more about the effect of the results on them. That look cannot be translated [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] into a number. That interpretation may be far more valuable in helping that student succeed than knowing her statistical stance in a study. What are the key distinctions between qualitative and quantitative data? The study design that is used [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] in this study is a systematic review and a meta-analysis view. The difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis is that a systematic review looks at the whole picture (qualitative view) while a meta-analysis looks at the particular statistical picture (quantitative view). This is a study of an alternative school for pregnant and parenting teens demonstrating quantitative and qualitative evidence. Conclusion In conclusion [Add comma here for clarity or to offset an afterthought from the rest of the sentence] the finding from this study is that the components of a school-based comprehensive program may provide multiple  opportunities to solve the multiple problems faced by the pregnant and parenting teens, thereby minimizing missed opportunities to serve them effectively. This is also consistent with the notion that school continuation and other facets of well-being of the teens and their children are highly related, and that better utilization of an integrated range of health, educational, and social services will follow improved academic achievement, enlarged employment opportunities, and a brighter sense of the future. The finding of the study does support the hypotheses. Availability of these services decreases not only the adverse consequences of teenage pregnancy and parenthood among the teenagers, but also adverse financial, and human resources cost to the society. The focus group sessions with the teenagers demonstrate the enormous odds that pregnant adolescents face when they become pregnant. Many of the problems seem to be beyond the capacity of the teenagers’ low-income families to handle on their own, let alone the capacity of the teenagers themselves. Therefore, policy planners and program administrators should develop strategies to foster inter-agency or interdepartmental collaborations and funding’s to encourage and assist school districts in planning and initiating, or strengthening, comprehensive school-based alternative programs to deal with the multiple problems faced by pregnant teens from disadvantaged backgrounds. [Please check the Reference and Citation Examples document in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for examples of correct formatting. Then carefully check your citations and references to be sure that they are formatted correctly.The hanging indent is backwards] References A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449 A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449

Ap Euro Winter Homework

Irene Kim AP Euro Winter Assignment 1/2 Unit I 1. There are several relationships that can be pointed out between the Middle Ages and modern times. One such example is the overpopulation that Europe faced before the Black Death and the overpopulation that the world is facing at this moment. Although not everywhere, there is poor sanitation and malnutrition in many areas of the world as there were back then. Another example is the economy and how there were a lack of jobs and pay for people as there are today which lead to new social changes. 2. The Black Death opened up new economic opportunities for peasants and formed a new middle class made up of artisans. The farmers that broke away were able to enjoy a new job that they enjoyed such as art and literature. The Hundred Years War began the modernization of state building and it made more room for social mobility. Power also became more centralized. The crisis in the Catholic Church paved the way for scholasticism and more secularizing of art. 3. The Black Death changed the social structure after the many deaths and the surplus of farmers who moved to the cities to become artisans. The Hundred Years War put tension politically between England and France that would affect wars later on. The church moving from Italy to France and refocusing the center of religion changed the demographic structure. Unit II 1. The Renaissance differed from the Late Middle Ages because it focused a lot on art and learning. Humanism, which led to many going away from the church and become secular, spread across Europe with the help of many intellectuals. Also the fact that the Renaissance was a period without as much feudalism because of the Black Death is significant because the individual could focus on himself or herself. . The idea of Humanism affected Renaissance art because it broke away from the traditional Christian settings and characters and relied more on basic people and their emotions. Humanism changed how society viewed itself and made it more individual-centered. Leonardo da Vinci is one artist who painted the Mona Lisa, by developing the technique of sfumato. Another artist is Michelangelo Buonarroti who sculpted David, which glorified the human body by making it into a contrapposto stance and made the facial expressions individualistic and emotional. Albrecht Durer is a Northern Renaissance artist who painted many self-portraits which shows how he values himself as well. 3. Women now had increased access to education but they also lost status and became ornaments to their husbands. There were sexual double standards; women had to stay chaste while men could do whatever they wanted to. Although there were women like Christine de Pisan or Isabella d’Este, their roles were to marry and have children. 4. Machiavelli’s ideas, found in The Prince, outline what a prince should do to rule his country. He states that the ends must justify the means and that for rulers, it is better to be feared than to be loved. They have greatly influenced future rulers to be stricter on their people. Unit III 1. The causes of the Protestant Reformation were the corruption of the church, revivals of ancient text, and humanism. The corruptions of the church such as the sale of indulgences, simony, pluralism and other deeds caused the people to become wary of the church. Humanism caused many people to criticize the church and question the validity of the bible. Though tensions about the church had been growing over the past few centuries, they escalated during this time, causing the Protestant Reformation. 2. The Reformation changed the world religiously, politically, economically, and socially. It changed it religiously by separating countries and the people by different religions, when before the reformation they were united under one. New religions sprouted out and grew away from Catholicism. It changed it politically because the rulers now had a stand on which religion to practice. It changed it socially because many of the lower classes converted into Protestantism because it was more favorable to them while many of the nobility stayed Catholic. 3. The status of women and children in European society was changed by the Reformation, somewhat. A woman’s main job was to stay at home and take care of the family, but marriage became more compassionate. Emphasis on education and literary rates rose during this time, thanks to intellectuals. As for Protestant women, their opportunities to help in the church, such as becoming a nun, lessened. 4. The extent the Catholic Church succeeded in achieving its goals during the Counter Reformation was pretty good. They basically re-affirmed past beliefs and reformed the institutions so that no corruption could be done and that the clergy would be properly educated. Although the unity of western Christianity was shattered, religious enthusiasm was rekindled within the people. A new religious order called the Jesuits also helped many people get back into Catholicism. 5. The voyages of exploration were motivated the idea of riches, such as gold or silver, but many wanted to find a new route to the silk and spice trades. The Ottoman Empire blocked two very major routes and so Europe had to find new routes to Asia. They changed the world by coming home with knowledge of newfound land and also spread diseases and food from one place to another. 6. Politics and economics were related in the commercial revolution. The Commercial Revolution was a period of European expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism. It was related to politics because many countries fought over trade routes. Whoever controlled one route, would form alliances with other countries making it a strong, defended nation. It is related to economics as well, because with the vast trade markets and monopolies, it helped many countries gain wealth and eventually power. Unit V 1. Divine right is the belief that God placed the king on the throne. Many used this as the basis of power for an absolutist rule. Although its legitimacy can’t be proven, people such as Bossuet helped monarchs achieve that power, such as Louis XIV. 2. The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany as a renewal of the Peace of Augsburg except it added Calvinism. It failed to help Europe experience peace in the years following because Germany was now devastated and further divided. Also France began to gain power, which led to many wars such as the French Revolution and etc. 3. Mercantilism is the economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and the security of the state. It was a cause of frequent European wars and motivated colonial expansion. It started the slave trade. They spread diseases, killed many natives, plundered riches, and introduced ifferent foods and animals. 4. Austria, Prussia, France, Russia, and England emerged as the strongest powers during the age of absolutism because of the fall of the three aging empires, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Polish Kingdom. Absolute rulers, such as Frederick William I of Prussia, ruled as a response to the crises of the 16th and 17th centuries because the people needed order. Their armies and military were very developed and strong as well. 5. The methods that absolute monarchs used to maintain their control were to strengthen their military and change the bureaucracy. They also demanded absolute obedience and discipline from civil servants, because promotions were based on merit. They also educated their people more, even the lower classes. Monarchs also extended their rule over local law and revenues and replaced local nobles with ones faithful to the king. 6. Absolutism is based on sovereignty. An absolute ruler, like a king or queen, governs by decree. They were placed on the throne by god, and the people have no say in those decrees and no right of appeal. Constitutionalism, however, is based on agreed laws, not decree. It relies on a balance of government power and the rights of the people as well.

Children Begin by Loving Their Parents

Despite my father's aching back, at the age of 45 or so, he played wit me and lifted me up in the air on many occasions. He was so proud since I had grown an inch taller. It has been 11 years now since my mother had died. Both my parents had been involved in an accident, unfortunately my mothers injuries were too severe and there was nothing the doctors could do. I blamed my father for the death of my mother since he had been under the influence of alcohol while the accident had taken place. I had Jus turned 16 that year, and was influenced by my friends to run away from home.My arenas were extremely worried about me. It was while they were looking for me when they had met with an accident. I knew then, as I know now, that I helped drive father to drinking. I will never forgive myself for that. What was a problem we might have resolved exploded, and home was never home again. He could not be the same father to me anymore. He became angry and aggressive since the death of my mother. W e both blamed each other for her death. If I never had ran away from home and If he had never been under the Influence of alcohol while driving, my mother would have still been alive.In my mind my father Is still the vibrant, witty and a private man that raised me, the man so steadfast In his love and devotion for my mother that I have never once heard a complaint or regret over their life together. A man who did whatever, anything, he could do for me. I know my father has many faults, faults that have sliced me In hidden places. My father has consumed alcohol various times. He has not always been the best father and has not always treated me well. But grief shows Itself In many forms. What we have been to each other are companions on a road I wish on no one.

Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs Essay

‘Discuss the reasons why the research and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developed and developing world’ HIV/AIDS still does not have a know cure, but has a treatment that slows down the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very â€Å"exclusive† drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you are in, and that is a huge dilemma because many people cannot afford to pay that amount of money so they are not able to receive the treatment. If people in the first world countries cannot receive the drug, how do people in the third world receive the drug? In third world countries the drugs are given to them for free, but on the 47% gets the full treatment. The drugs are given to them by of the drug company itself of other companies that buy the ARVs from the company and send it to the place where it is needed, for example Africa. Africa is the location where the most HIV/AIDS cases are, and is also the one getting the least amount of treatment. The reason for this is because the ARV drug company wants to get their money back for all the research they put in, so giving the ARVs for free would become a great loss economically for them. The first aspect of this issue is the social part. Infrastructure is a big problem because as buildings coast a lot to construct they are not able to put up many, and you must also have trained people able to work there, which are hard to find in Africa. There are very few amount of places where you can go get tested but they have a limited amount of treatments and supplies. This is a huge problem because if people go to get better they have to wait or not get better at all due to the lack of resources. I would solve this issue by having not many small structures but several big structures so the supplies have a greater chance to arrive and more money is used wiser and more efficiently. Another social aspect of this problem is the education. In Africa the education is something that not everyon e gets, so they are not aware about how they get the disease, how they can prevent it or what are  the affects. A reason for why in Africa they do not receive the education is because there are a very few amount of teachers, and the teachers that they have may also be contaminated and are not able to execute their job correctly. HIV/AIDS affects everyone in their community because the disease spreads fast in their case (the people in Africa). This is due to their sexual behavior. Their culture does not have monogamy or a custom of only one sexual partner, but they have many different sexual partners, and that is why HIV/AIDS spreads so quickly in Africa. They also do not use protection because it is not available to most people and so chances are higher to get HIV/AIDS. Another cultural aspect is that there is a lot of prejudice against testing. Many people do not want to get tested for HIV/AIDS because one, they are scared the test might come back positive, second if it does result positive how will they tell their family/friends and thirdly how will they get the treatment they need to get. If the people get tested and do want to not tell anyone, because of various reasons, and as a result the problem amplifies and does not get solved. Another problem for the cultural aspect is get the people to take responsibility and try to change. Of coarse it is easier to ignore the problem and pretend it is not there, but that would not be helping the matter, it would be making it worse. How to solve these problems would be, in my opinion, have protection available to them, encourage testing, reassure the people that there will be a treatment for them, make them understand the severity of this issue and that if we do not take action it may get a lot worse, have session/groups for them to talk about their worries, experience ect. However before doing this we must solve the bigger problem, how do we give them the treatment for free. Another aspect of the issue is the ethical/moral part. The richer countries to some extent have an obligation to help the poorer countries, but the third world countries should not relay or take advantage because also the richer countries have their own problems to solve. For insists America is going though a very tough crisis but at the same time they are helping the less fortunate get better. The poorer countries should also take action and do something to help themselves, because they should be putting the money where it really needs to go to, the people. This leads us to another aspect of the issue, the political portion. Politics have caused a lot of mayhems in the world because they sometimes do not have they  priorities sorted out. For example in Africa instead of investing their money in this issue of HIV/AIDS and the treatments, they have decided to invest their money on weapons and in their natural recourses such as oil. It is very hard to run a third world country but it should not be an excuse. To solve these concerns although it is a difficult task but one way to solve them, in my opinion, is to have people from the first world talk and discuss about what they can do together (with the people of the third world) instead of just have the first world do everything on their own. The last aspect of this issue is the economic part. Africa is already a poor continent, having a poor economy is not helping either. They do not have enough money to circulate and this stops Africa growing, having sick people also stops the economy from growing because it is another matter they have to face. Child labor increases due to the fact that the adults are sick and are unable to work and the poor people have no way in getting better because there aren’t enough doctors. In conclusion a way to resolve the problem in the distribution of the ARVs is to have several multi-national pharmaceutical companies sponsor the ARVs, so other independent companies do not have to buy the drug and then distribute them, but by sponsoring the drug, the ARV drug company directly gives the drug to the third world countries without loosing it’s money. The multi-national pharmaceutical companies get advertisement and so they also gaining not loosing their money. As you can see this is a win, win situation. The main issue here is that the ARV drug company does not want to loose the money that they put in research so they make the drug excessively high-priced because to produce the drug is a coast next to nothing. Once the people receive the treatment, they should help educate not only the affected people but also the people that haven’t been affected yet. I believe by doing this, the transmission of the HIV/AIDS with decrease significantly and things will start to get better. I do believe that this problem is solvable.