Sandwich Blitz Unit 6 Essay Example for Free

Sandwich Blitz Unit 6 Essay According to the four step control process, the first step would be to set performance standards. In this scenario Lei would first need to update the employee handbook. Updating the handbook would clearly set new employee standards. Lei would also need to make it mandated that every manager review the new updated version with their staff. Measuring performance is the next step. With this process Lei would need to sit down with the management team and conduct an evaluation on the employees. This would allow them to see who was upholding the rules and regulations in the handbook. This will lead to areas of opportunity and also areas of correction. Buy measuring the performance level this would give the team the ability to give recognition to those that deserve it. Step three is comparing the performance, this step will be challenging for the team. The team will need to evaluate the performance of the employees before the updated handbook. This will give the management team the ability to discuss what further changes need to be made. Also in the evaluation they will be able to evaluate the employees that did not need to make an adjustment with-in the new handbook. Step four is to take action to correct problems and reinforce successes. In my opinion this is the last and most critical step. The individual incorrectly imputed wrong working time, or time that they did not work. This can be handled in a number of ways. They can have the employee make up the hours, and not get paid for them. Another option is that they can deduct the time paid out of their paycheck. This will allow the other employees to be aware that this type of action will not be overlooked. The manager should also be held accountable for his or her action. A manager should not authorize any action that is not cleared or allowed in the handbook. The only way to be fair on both sides is to write the manager up.

Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter Essay -- Nathaniel Hawthorne Rappacc

Hawthorne's Rappaccini's Daughter This essay focuses on the way Hawthorne’s â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† articulates the tension between the spirit and the empirical world. Hawthorne challenges the empirical world Rappaccini, both malevolent for his experimentation with human nature and sympathetic for his love for his daughter, represents, by raising an aesthetic question Rappaccini implicitly asks. Hawthorne never conclusively answers this question in his quest to preserve spiritual beauty in an empirical world, offering the most disturbing possibility of all: could art and the artist prove as fatal to the human spirit as empiricism? Hawthorne’s sinister representation of Rappaccini early in the story belies this self-isolating character’s complexity and his overriding desire to protect his daughter from the â€Å"miserable doom† (942) she nonetheless suffers by creating her as a poisonous body, dangerous like her â€Å"sister† plant in the garden. Rappaccini is first presented to us â€Å"a tall, emaciated, sallow, and sickly-looking man, dressed in a scholar’s garb of black.† He â€Å"could never, even in his more youthful days, have expressed much warmth of heart,† appearing as a somber figure apparently morose and removed from love at the tale’s beginning. Hawthorne opens the story in an allegorical framework he draws from Dante’s Inferno by presenting Rappaccini as a seemingly fixed character: his â€Å"demeanor was that of one walking among malignant influences,† or â€Å"influences† that signal his role in the tale both as evil, s ince he walks among the â€Å"deadly snakes, or evil spirits† (925), and as Adam, the first man encountering evil in the Garden of Eden. Rappaccini’s dubious, if not entirely evil character as â€Å"the distrustful gardener,† along... ...† in a practical world that threatens the spiritual one with its evil? Obviously, Rappaccini’s answer in his self-imposed isolation and experiment with Giovanni and Beatrice fails; rather, his attempt to ameliorate the poisonous effects of the physical world on the spirit only attracts a greater, more deadly poison—the dark aspects of human nature. He gives a dissatisfying alternative in Baglioni’s last, mocking line to Rappaccini, one in which the empirical horrors have, in the end, killed the spiritual essence along with Beatrice. It is a lesson not just about the dangers of science, then, but also about the dangers of human nature and its capacity for evil, from which art cannot lift us. Hawthorne’s bleak view of the scientist and the artist proposes a perfect world no one—not Rappaccini, not Giovanni, not Hawthorne—can achieve, even with the best of intentions.

All Agreements Are Contracts Essay

1. Introduction Dear students, welcome to the lecture series on Business Regulatory Frame Work. Today we are going to discuss the Indian Contract Act 1872. Before I start my discussion on the contract, I would like to make you aware that the Indian Contract Act 1872 came enforced on the 1st day of the September 1872. It is applicable to whole of the country except the State Jammu & Kashmir. The course related to the law is designed to impart the knowledge to the student so that they are acquaint with the general principles of the law. As you know in our day to day life we come across number of contracts but we are not aware about them. When we board a bus or when we go to see a movie or we lend away book to our friend or when we are depositing the luggage in the railway clock room, the law comes in the picture without understanding the law we will not be able to understand what are the rights and the obligation granted to the individuals. The objective of this course is to provide a brief idea about the frame work of the Indian Business Law. 2. Agreement and Contract Now we will start our discussion on the Indian Contract Act. First of all we should understand what is a contract? Apart from the legal definition if we generally understand the word Contract then we can say that a contract comes into the picture when there is an agreement and when the agreement become enforceable it become a contract. There are two words Agreement and Contract. What is an agreement? Agreement itself comes in the picture when there is an offer and acceptance. Now again if we go into the details of this offer and acceptance then we find that offer is an expression of the desire by one party in front of the other party to do something or not to do something is an offer. Suppose ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I would like to sell my car to you in fifty thousand rupees, will you buy? Now here ‘A’ is expressing his desire to the ‘B’ to sell his car so that ‘B’ buy’s it. So offer has to be there and in that offer if there is an acceptance then it becomes an agreement and suppose in the same example ‘B’ says that YES he would like to Page 1 of 9  buy the car of the ‘A’ then it becomes an agreement. Now when there is an  offer and acceptance in a contract it becomes an agreement. So after studying or  analysing how agreement comes into the picture we move on to understand what is a contract? Now to reach at the level of the contract we have to add or we have to incorporate enforceability into it, the law says that until and unless an agreement is not enforceable, it cannot become a contract and to make it enforceable we have to add to certain essentials of a valid contract which are explained in the Section-10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Without  enforceability it will simply remain an agreement it cannot become a contract. So in other words we can say to reach at the level of the contract we must have on the one hand agreement and on the other hand we must have enforceability into it and then it will reach at the level of the contract or it will become a contract. If I say all agreements are not contract but all contracts are agreement because all agreement cannot reach at the stage of the contract because if an agreement is not enforceable in spite of having number of the element of enforceability into it. If it is lacking one element of enforceability, it cannot reach the stage of the contract. Now just to make it a very simple. If I say that you are the student of the B.Com Part-I and if I say that you will become a graduate one day, there is no certainty into it. A student in the part 1 will definitely be a graduate there is no certainty because he may drop the studies in between or he may decide to quit but whomsoever is a graduate or if a student is a B.Com then automatically I will say that he has completed B.Com. Part I. So a student who is B.Com Part I need not to be necessarily be a graduate one day but whomsoever is a graduate was definitely was in B.Com Part I. Meaning thereby, if I relate, B.Com Part 1, with an  agreement and B.Com itself, with a contract. There is a gap between the two like an agreement has to be converted into the contract with enforceability.  We had to add the essential elements in a contract and then it will become a contract. Similarly a student has to pass B.Com Part I, he has to pass B.Com Part II and then he has to pass B.Com Part III or the final year examination then he will become a graduate. If somewhere in between if he leaves the studies or quit the studies, he cannot become a graduate. So we can say all contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract. 3. Definitions of Agreement and Contract Now I would like to give you the definition of the contract which have been defined in the law. The term contract is defined in section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act which reads as under: â€Å"An Agreement enforceable by law is a contract†. Now if we analyse the definition we find that whatever I have explained to you earlier is covered in this definition and if we go by the definition of agreement given in the section 2(e) – â€Å"Every promise and every set of promises is forming the consideration for each other is an agreement.† Now if we analyse this definition and I have explained it earlier that agreement or the promise consist of two things offer and acceptance. Let us see the some definition given by the thinkers. Definition given by Mr. Polak â€Å"Every agreement and promise enforceable at law is a contract† and Sir Salmond has defined â€Å"a contract is an agreement creating and defining obligation between the parties. If we analyse the definition given by eminent jurist and the definition given in the Indian Contract Act, we reach on this conclusion that to make an agreement enforceable and then we can enter into a contract. Now the question arises that what are those things which can make an agreement enforceable in the eye of law. Since, we have studied the portion of the agreement very well, that it is made up of two things offer and acceptance. Offer is the expression of the desire by the one party in front of the other party to give an assent and acceptance is the assent given on the offer. 4. Enforceability in an Agreement Now we will move on to the points which bring the enforceability in the agreement and if the enforceability is added it is included it will constitute along with an agreement it will constitute a contract. The first and foremost point which we had discussed is that there has to be an offer and there has to be an acceptance. As you know very well that without two parties or more than two parties we cannot enter into a contract. So in a contract there has to be more than two parties and one party will make an offer to the other party. The other party will give an acceptance on it. This is the fundamental essential to convert or to bring the enforceability in agreement. The second important essential element is that there has to be a free consent between both the parties. Now this particular word free consent is made up of two words consent and it should be free. As I mentioned that each element will be dealt by me later on in great detail therefore I am providing you the brief introduction of these elements. The consent is the meeting of the mind and both the parties agree upon the same thing in a same sense it is said that there is a consent. But it will be free provided it is not caused by or provided the consent is not obtained by cohesion, undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation. In very simple line I will explain coercion meaning thereby if one party forcibly compelling the other party to enter into the contract it is said that coercion has been applied on the other party. For example A by threatening to kill him enters into a contract with him it is said that A has entered into a contract with the B by coercion. Undue influence, whenever there is undue  influence, one party is always in a stronger position and other party is always at a weaker position. The stronger party morally pressurised the weaker party to enter into the contract and weaker party enters into the contract without the free will. It is said the undue influence has been exercised. What is the fraud? The fraud means when one party intentionally or deliberately or with the intention to cheat the other party, to deceive the other party, enters into the contract it is said that fraud has been  exercised by the party and misrepresentation meaning thereby, a statement which is not true but the party making it believe it to be true it is said that misrepresentation have taken place so if we have got the four element if the consent is called by these four element it is said that it is not a free consent and contract enter into by the party without free consent even not having enforceability remember we are now dealing with thos e point which will bring the enforceability with the agreement so that it become a contract. We are here studying the point which will take the agreement to the contract. These points I am discussing, again I am repeating in very very brief manner. The another point which is very important to bring the enforceability is the parties should be competent to enter into the contract. Without going into the details if we say all parties are competent to enter into the contract except the three parties, if we exclude these three parties from the agreement there will be enforceability so  that agreement will become a contract and these parties are if the contract is enter into by the minors and minor is a person who is not having age of 18 if the contract has been enter into by the person of unsound mind it is said that it is not enforceable he is not competent to enter into the contract and if the people debar by law if they enter into the contract since they do not have capacity to enter into the contract it cannot become a contract and they don’t have capacity to enter into the contract. Therefore if we say, if these three people are present in any agreement that agreement cannot become a contract and except these three people if any person enter into the contract that agreement will have enforceability. 5. Lawful Object and Consideration Now I move on to another point that is known as the object of the agreement should be lawful and the consideration which is given should also be lawful. There are two things, object of the contract should be lawful as well as the consideration given to achieve the object should also be lawful. First of all I will take up what do we mean by consideration. Consideration the law says is that something in exchange like if you go to the market to buy 1 kg sugar you give 35 rupees to the shopkeeper and the shopkeeper gives you 1kg sugar. For the shopkeeper, 35  rupees is a consideration and for you, sugar is a consideration. So there is an exchange between the two parties therefore there has to be a consideration but the consideration should be lawful and object of the contract should also be lawful. Now law says what is lawful object? and what is lawful consideration? In the Law has not defined in a positive manner, law have defined that what is unlawful. If the law says if any object and consideration does not fall within these lines then it is automatically lawful object and lawful consideration. Meaning  thereby, we go negatively to explain what is the lawful object? And what is the lawful consideration? Now suppose, ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that if you will kill the ‘C’ I will give fifty thousand rupees. Now in this example when ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ to kill the ‘C’, the object is not lawful as well as the consideration which is decided to kill the ‘C’ is also not lawful. Therefore the object of the contract should be lawful but I will mention certain points which are declared by the law that they are treated as unlawful therefore they are not applicable or they don’t have any validity in the eye of law. Number one is If it is fraudulent the object of the contract is to do some fraud then it will be treated as the object of the contract is not lawful. For example if ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ together decide and cheat the ‘D’ they make a pl an to cheat ‘D’ or to play a fraud with the ‘D’ it is unlawful and object of the ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ of the plan is unlawful. 6. Objects Forbidden by Law If the object of the contract is forbidden by law, when we say it is forbidden by law meaning thereby the law does not permit that if the object of the contract is forbidden by law then it will not be treated as a point of enforceability in an agreement. For example if ‘A’ having a living  married wife enters into a contract to marry another lady. Now here in this example the object of the contract is forbidden by law and if we dwell upon we will find that it is written in the Hindu law that a person if he is having a married wife living with him cannot marry the another lady. So if the object is forbidden by either by the law or by the state legislation or by the Central Government if they have enacted any law and if it is forbidden and if we try to enters into a contract which is forbidden by law that will be treated as unlawful object. The next point in the unlawful object and  consideration is that if the object is permitted it will defeat the provisions of the some other law and if we take the example we find that suppose in a company it is mentioned that a person if he comes to attend a meeting he will be given 125 rupees for example as a remuneration to attend the meeting and 25 rupees as a allowance. Now if we are giving the allowance with an intention to evade the income tax then it will be treated that object of giving the 25 rupees with an intention of evading the income tax then we can say here also the object of the contract is not lawful and if it is injurious to the other party. If two parties enter into the contract to injure somebody that object is also unlawful and if the object of the contract is immoral. Now the definition of the morality will depend upon the standard of the society but yet if we are promoting the prostitution, that is considered as to be an immoral and if the two parties enters into the contract which promotes the prostitution, that object of the contract is also unlawful but last but not the least heading in the unlawful object and consideration is that it should not be against the public policy. Now public policy is a very wide term. Public policy has been defined by different  is always a situational.  eminent jurist in different manner it Whatever is suitable according to the standard of the  society can be included in the heading of the public policy. We sometime call it that public policy is unruly horse. We can include any heading in the public policy. Like, for example recently the Supreme Court has given a judgement in which they have specifically mentioned that no construction activity will take place in Bombay and other parts of the country after 10 O’clock in the night. Now this decision has been given in the interest of the public policy. If you recall there is a judgement that during the Navratras the dandiyas are not allowed after 10 o’clock in certain states except Gujarat because the Gharba is the festival of the Gujarat. Dandiya is played during that particular period with the great enthusiasm in the Gujarat because it has got an origin in the Gujarat. It originated from the Gujarat. So except Gujarat the Dandiyas will not be played in other part of the country after 10 o’clock. This decision is given in the interest of the public policy. So public policy is a very wider term. Yet we have decided certain heads which are included in the public policy. First is trading with enemy, second is trafficking in the public offices, third is interference with administration of justice, fourth is marriage brokerage contracts, fifth is agreement tending to create interest oppose to duty, sixth agreement in restrain of parental right, seventh agreement restricting personal liberty and the last but not the least is the agreement to commit a crime. So the object of the contract should be lawful and in this point we had studied that what is lawful and it has not been explained but what is unlawful it has been explained. 7. Agreement should not be Declared Void Now we move on to another element which bring the enforceability in an agreement. The heading of that element is that an agreement should not be  specifically declared void. In the law of contract there are certain agreements which are declared by law that they are the void and they cannot be at any rate be converted into the contract and as we know void agreements  are the void from the very beginning.  They cannot be converted into the contract, they are not  enforceable they have no value in the eyes of law. Now for your convenience I will mention the headings of the void agreements.  The first and the foremost is  agreements by person who are not competent to contract (Section-11), agreement under a mutual mistake of fact material to agreement (Section-20), agreement with unlawful consideration or object (Section-23), agreement, the consideration or object of which is unlawful in part (Section-24), agreements without consideration (Section-25), agreement in restrain of marriage (Section-26), agreements in restraint of trade (Section-27), agreement s in restrain of legal proceedings (Section-28), agreement, the meaning of which is uncertain (Section29), wagering agreement (Section-30) and agreement to do impossible act (Section-56). If we look at the list we find that any agreement which is falling under these categories or under any of these categories will be known as the void agreement it cannot be converted into the contract. If I move on to another element of the enforceability and that is the agreement must be certain. When we say the agreement must be certain meaning thereby when offer is made to another party it should have the element of certainty. It should not be weigh. The acceptor or the promisee should not derive the different meaning out of it or it should not be confusing also. For example if ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that he would like to sell the fifty tins of the oil. Now this offer by ‘A’ to the ‘B’ is uncertain. It is not giving meaning, which oil he would like to sell to ‘B’. Is he would like to sell the coconut oil or he would like to sell the mustard oil. He has not mentioned it, therefore, in  agreement which is expressed or agreement which is given to the other party should be certain and the last point to bring the enforceability is known as that performance of the agreement should not be impossible. For a very simple example if a girl says to a boy that you bring the stars from the sky and then I will marry you. It is impossible act. It can not be converted into the  contract it is lacking the enforceability because we know we can not bring the stars from the sky. If ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I will give you 1 lakh rupees if you join the two parallel lines, we know two parallel lines do not meet. Another  example is if ‘A’ says to ‘B’ that he will show the ‘B’ the hidden treasure by magic then it is also an impossible act because by magic we cannot show the hidden treasure. Therefore, these are the elements which has been explained to you if they are available in toto, if they are available as it is in an agreement then it will become a contract.  If one single essential element of this is absent or one  essential element of the valid contract is absent or missing then it cannot become a contract that agreement will simply remain an agreement because it is lacking one of the essential element of enforceability. Therefore to reach at the level of the contract we have to fulfil all these requirements. Therefore we say all  contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract because to travel  at the stage of the contract, to reach at the stage of the contract we had to have these elements.

The Columbine High Massacre an Analysis of the Disaster Response Team Case Study

The Columbine High School experienced a horrific turn of events on the 20th of April 1999. Two of its students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were on a mission that led to the death of 12 students and one teacher. The two teenagers had been planning for this massacre for quite some time. They been collecting guns, ammunitions as well as bomb components that they would use on the day of 20th April. It is said that they had even created a website which they posted blogs with statements that pinpointed several individual likely to be their prime targets. (Cullen 2009) The two teenagers had developed a deviant behavior with the feeling that the society was not giving them as is required. They thus developed criminal behaviors as a way of revenging to the society. This paper analysis how the response teams, that is, the SWAT, the police and the fir department carried on their duty to save the situation at Columbine High School on the 20th of April 1999. The initial plan failed as the two 20 pound propane bombs failed to detonate. Harris and Klebold placed these bombs in the cafeteria. These bombs would have destroyed the whole of the cafeteria and made the library collapse. If these two bombs blew up, student in a lunch shift would flee and Harris and Klebold would be at the entrance, shooting at the fleeing students.   This did not happen and so there was a change of plan. They had to move in and start shooting.(Kass 2009) The two teenagers entered through the western entrance, the highest point in the high school that provided a spectacular view for them. This led to a commotion once the two teenagers started shooting. One of the teachers heard the commotion and thought it was just but another high school teenage dirty joke. Patti Nielson observed that it was real and so she had the courage to dial 9-1-1. The shooting is likely to have started at around 11.19AM when one of the witnesses heard Harris yell, ’Go! Go!’. The first one to arrive at 11.24 AM was Neil Gardner, Jefferson County sheriff’s deputy. As soon as he stepped out of his car, Eric Harris immediately started shooting at him. It is estimated that Eric Harris shot at least ten times. While Gardner shot four times, fortunately, Eric’s gun jammed and had to get to a secure place in the school to avoid being shot by Gardner. Gardner got some back up at around 11.27AM. The team included Deputy Paul Magor and Deputy Paul Smoker. By at least 11.30am there were six deputies at the high school. The police kept the radio communication flowing requesting for emergency and medical assistance.   The police did their best in seeing that fleeing victims were shielded from the gunmen.   Hey did this with using a ring of patrol cars to hide the evacuated victims. The medical team arrived next. The team of paramedics worked relentlessly. The paramedics went to save the injured victims despite the firing teenagers. They would eventually transport them to hospitals after an initial first aid. The sheriff’s deputies provided cover for the paramedics making the teenage shooters cease fire and retreat leaving the paramedics to collect the injured victims. Enter the SWAT team. The SWAT team arrived at around 12.00 noon at least a whole hour since they had been radioed by the other emergency response team. The team of 20 led by Lieutenant Terry Manwarring, did not immediately enter the school rather, they stopped at Pierce and Leawood which is near the school. Only 12 SWAT team members moved into the school and near the buildings.(A Columbine Site) There was a radio call request for an armored truck to rescue injured victims as it was not safe for the paramedics who were not armored in any way. Another SWAT team led by Sergeant Barry Williams arrived at 12.30 PM. The team had 10 SWAT officers. It is reported that the SWAT teams did not enter the building until nearly 1.00 pm. This is ironic, as there were no gunshots or bomb explosions heard for the last one hour. It was like they would have to wait till all the shooting was done. It was argued that there were differences between officials who were not able to get the exact number of shooters. All they knew was that there were shooters firing on school children. This is argued to be a contributing factor to the inaction by the SWAT team. There several successes and failures by the response teams at the Columbine high massacre. The sheriff’s office at Littleton, Colorado responded promptly. If we literally calculated the response of the call from the time the call was made that would be; less than four minutes. (A Columbine Site) If Harris and Klebold started shooting at 11.19 am, and the teacher, Patti Nielson made the 9-1-1 call probably a minute or so after the shooting started, the sheriff’s deputy arrived at 11.24 am around five minutes since the shooting started. Neil Gardner, a sheriff’s deputy was quick to react when Eric started shooting at him. Neil Gardner is able to call for back up as well as medical emergency rescuers. He was able to coordinate and communicate with the relevant authorities. The time that the sheriff’s officers take to call for help is short and does entail the burden of complex formalities. The officers were able to shield the fleeing victims from the gunmen. They are also applauded for shielding the paramedics who rescued the injured students and staff. On the other hand, the police tactic of handling the situation was not appropriate. This was a scenario of a shooting but not hostage keeping. At the Columbine High School, they used an old tactic of surrounding the building, setting up a perimeter and containing the damage. This tactic would not have worked especially in this scenario where the gunmen were not demanding ransom or any sort of favor but were more interested in killing the students. The police would have moved into the building using their specially trained personnel. This would have reduced the number of those killed as well as those injured. The goal of moving in is to stop the shooters at whatever cost from committing more harm by either killing or injuring. The police should have utilized its trained personnel for this purpose. The SWAT team was another relevant player in the Columbine High Massacre. Their presence though, did not make much impact as expected. Their actions were slow and irrelevant to the not-to-be compromised task ahead of them. To start with, the SWAT team arrived late, in fact more than an hour since they had been radioed by the sheriff’s officers. This shows there slow response to a call of emergency. Regarding the magnitude of this case, where helpless students and staff members with no weapons and nowhere to run for help. The SWAT had to even stop some at distance away from the school. It was like they were not concerned with the essence of time in this scenario. Once they were at the scene of crime, the SWAT team did not do anything to stop the shootings. We can argue that the SWAT is a highly trained crew in gun handling and a member has the ability to shoot one down at a long range. The issue that may undermine their response to crimes like this one is the chain of command. If the commander does not give the command, the officers cannot march forward. ( A Columbine Site) This is true because, the officers were able to enter the building only after 1.00pm. In fact, the gun shots and bomb explosions had gone silent some time before. The only staff member who died during the incidence, Coach Sanders bled to death. It is said that it would have been possible to save him if only SWAT team had come earlier. The coach had been shot at around 11.30am, but it took SWAT three hours later to rescue him only to find him dead. (A Columbine Site) The paramedics did a commendable job. It took them only a few minutes to respond to the call of the sheriff’s officers. The paramedics were organized as they had all their equipment ready for the tasks ahead of them. The paramedics worked relentlessly at the scene of crime. Despite the unsafe conditions of the school compound they still collected the injured students and quickly transported them to health facilities nearby. The paramedics were able to work with the sheriff’s officers in a coordinated manner, where the officers would cover them and at the shooters to divert them from shooting at the paramedics. The paramedic would therefore be able to collect the injured students and staff members. We cannot blame the paramedics for the death of coach Sanders. It would not have been possible for them to access the coach from where he was lying. This is because; the SWAT team itself had not entered the building early enough. The SWAT would have provided cover for the paramedics to collect any student injured inside the building. There seem to be some disrupt in the communication flow between the SWAT and the paramedics. This case can be explained with the scenario when the SWAT officers found coach Sanders bleeding to death. The students had designed a gurney that they would have used to get him down to the exit. They instead requested the students to leave because the paramedics would get him and take him to hospital. This took around twenty to thirty minutes to realize that no paramedic was coming and so they had to lower him themselves. Coincidentally, a paramedic came through the western entrance only to feel his pulse and pronounce him dead. The Columbine High School massacre is said to be the forth most dangerous school shooting in American history. It is the most dangerous of a high school shooting. University of Texas is the first followed by Virginia Tech Massacre and the third is Bath School. Emergency management is the discipline that is concerned with avoiding and dealing with risks. This discipline is thus concerned with disaster mitigation which deals with trying to avoid disasters happening or trying to contain them once they happen. The other component of emergency management is disaster preparedness. The emergency management team must be involved in planning, organizing, training, equipping, exercising and evaluating and improvement to sharpen their skills. This enhances their capability to effectively coordinate and also prevent and protect against disasters, responding to disasters and recovering or rescuing victims from disasters. Effective disaster preparedness keeps the emergency management put in case of any disaster. ( Cunny 1983) The third component of emergency management is response. Response deals with how an emergency management risk deploys the necessary emergency services depending on the nature of the disaster. This is a critical stage of emergency management. The capability of a team to effectively respond to a disaster may be determined by much the team had been prepared. This means that disaster preparedness is very important in terms of training and exercising. The team must also be well equipped for a disaster. The forth component of emergency management is recovery. The recovery phase is concerned with trying to restore the affected area. In this case, various decisions must be made to help mitigate for any future disasters just like the one that had just happened. After a disaster has occurred, it offers an opportunity to apply some mitigative measures that may help in preventing future disaster.(Cunny 1983) The four components of emergency management represent an important cycle of emergency management. Every component is very vital in emergency management. The Columbine High School massacre was a man made disaster. If mitigation policies had been properly addressed at the Columbine High School, the massacre would not have happened at all. This can be explained in the subsequent manner. Reports indicated that Harris and Klebold were into suspicious behaviors. The two created a website in which they posted ways of creating mischief and the mischief they had organized. They started posting blogs which were initially jokes but turned out to be threats especially to Brooks Brown. The mother to Brooks Brown had even filed numerous complaints against Harris believing him to be dangerous. No exploit was taken. But Brooks Brown’s parents were persistent and gave the address to the police. Investigator Guerra drafted an affidavit for a search warrant of the Harris household which was never filed. The two had earlier been arrested of theft of tools and equipments and had been sentenced to juvenile diversion. According to a survey by the United States Secret Service, most of the school shootings occurred and the circumstances the shootings occurred. According to a report released from the survey in May 2002, it was discussed that several people new that the incidence would happen. Most of the shooters did not threaten their targets directly. Brooks was threatened but was not killed anyway. The report also suggested that the attackers engaged in behaviors that were suspicious. They would act in deviant behaviors. These behaviors will cause alarm to those close to them. It is also possible that the attackers were not able to handle or cope with certain significant losses or failures. It was clear that some had even tried to commit suicide out of these. Most of the shooters in the school shootings felt persecuted or bullied by others in the school. Most of these shooters had access to guns and had used them earlier. From these recommendations the schools had to introduce policies such as the anti-bullying policy. There was zero tolerance on any threatening behavior. Measures of school security were put into place. The students were expected to use digitalized identification cards.(Safe Schools Report) In terms of response, the police used the old the old tactic of surrounding the building, setting up a perimeter and containing the damage. The police had to train on the Immediate Action Rapid Deployment. This involves four specially trained officers advancing to the shooter. This tactic is used especially when the attacker is targeting to kill but not take hostage. The speed in which SWAT acted was not fruitful. The SWAT arrived late and would therefore not do much. It was recommended that they train for the columbine-like situations. It reported that in the Virginia Tech Institute massacre, the IRAD tactic was used. This tactic is said to have saved dozens from either being killed or getting injured. This tactic therefore proved reliable. There is community emergence response team in the US. This is of the federal programs that are promoted under the citizen corps and funded by the Stafford Act. This can also be an organization of volunteers with emergency management skills. These volunteers are trained and therefore skilled to perform tasks in disaster response. These groups work with the relevant emergency authorities.(Citizen Corps) Emergency authorities sponsor CERT within their area. The authority is charged with training the CERT members on emergency management skills. The authority may employ a full time liaison officer for a CERT. once a CERT has become large, it may split so as to have more people join and get skills on emergency management. The CERT initiative is a very important program. This program has made it possible for the people to acquire certain basic skills that may be necessary in case of a disaster. Through the funds, some CERTs have been able to acquire tools and equipment which they can use in case of a disaster. This makes it convenient as the CERT members are from the neighborhood. References A Columbine Site retrieved from http://acolumbinesite.com/swat.html on 18th October 2010 Citizen Corps retrieved from. http://www.citizencorps.gov/councils/ on 18th October 2010 Cullen, Dave. (2009). Columbine. Grand Central Publishing, 2009 Cuny, F. (1983). Disasters and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Safe Schools Report. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20080709174034/http://www.treas.gov/usss/ntac/ssi_final_report.pdf on 18th October 2010 Kass, J. ( 2009). Columbine: A True Crime Story. Ghost Road Press